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雅思为各位考生推荐复习材料-剑4 T4 阅读译文 P1-人类的运动极限没有尽头,需要本课
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文 P2-火山——惊天动地大消息。
Passage1
参考译文
How much higher? How much faster?
—Limits to human sporting performance are not yet in sight—
多高?多快?
——人类的运动极限没有尽头
Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic
Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast
athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects,
themselves included, through space. For the so-called power events — that require a
relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long
jump — times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent. In the endurance
events the results have been more dramatic. At the 1908 Olympics, John Hayes of the
U.S. team ran a marathon in a time of 2:55:18. In 1999, Morocco’s Khalid Khannouchi
set a new world record of 2:05:42, almost thirty per cent faster.
自从20世纪早期国际田联开始记录成绩以来，运动员奔跑的速度，跳的高度，投掷重物的
距离都在稳步提髙。在那些需要爆发力的项目，比如100米跑和跳远项目中，时间和距离都提
高了10%-20%。在耐力项目中，运动成绩提高得更多。1908年的奥运会上，美国队的约翰?海因
跑出了2小时55分18秒的马拉松成绩。在1999年，摩洛哥的选手海耶斯以2小时05分42秒
的成绩创造了新的世界记录，几乎提高了30%。
No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor
has been genetics. ‘The athlete must choose his parents carefully,’ says Jesus Dapena,
a sports scientist at Indiana University, invoking an oftcited adage. Over the past
century, the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably, but with
increasing global participation in athletics — and greater rewards to tempt athletes
— it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for
athletic performance can be identified early. ‘Was there someone like [sprinter]
Michael Johnson in the 1920s?’ Dapena asks. ‘I’m sure there was, but his talent was
probably never realised.’
没有任何一个人的理论可以解释成绩的提高，但是最重要的因素是基因。印第安纳大学的
运动科学家Jesus Dapena援引一常用谚语说“运动员必须小心选择自己的父母。”在过去的一
个世纪里，人类基因库的成分并没有显著地变化，只是全世界有越来越多的人参与了这项运动，
诱惑运动员提髙成绩的物质奖励也越来越多，因此现在比以往更有可能尽早发现那些独具运动
员基因的个体。Dapena问道：“在20世纪20年代，能找到像短跑运动员迈克?杰克逊一样的人
吗?我敢肯定是能的，只是人们从未意识到他身上具有的才能。”
Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first step. Michael Yessis,
an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University at Fullerton,
maintains that ‘genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do.
But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than we’ve been
going.’ Yessis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are
‘running on their genetics’. By applying more scientific methods, ‘they’re going
to go much faster’. These methods include strength training that duplicates what they
are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the
former Soviet Union.
识别基因优秀的个体只是第一步。加州大学FuUerton分校的运动科学系的退休教授
Michael Yessis认为基因在运动员的表现上只起三分之一的作用。但是，辅以正确的训练，我
们可以做得更好。他认为美国的赛跑选手尽管已取得了众多骄人成绩，但他们是“靠他们的基
因在跑”。通过使用更多的科学训练方法，“他们将跑得更快”。这些方法包括力量训练。这些训
练再现运动员在比赛中的动作，并应用了前苏联首先使用的一种训练技巧——增强式训练模式。
Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics
focuses on increasing power — the rate at which an athlete can expend energy. When
a sprinter runs, Yessis explains, her foot stays in contact with the ground for just
under a tenth of a second, half of which is devoted to landing and the other half to
pushing off. Plyometric exercises help athletes make the best use of this brief
interval.
虽然绝大多数的训练用来提高力量或者持久性，增强式训练注重提高力——即运动员使用
能量的速度。Yessis解释到，在一个短跑运动员跑步时，她的脚和地面接触少于1/10秒，在
这1/10秒中，一半的时间用于着地，另一半的时间用于蹬地。增强式训练能帮助运动员最好地
利用这一短暂的间隙。
Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately.
‘Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements,’ Yessis
insists. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few coaches, for instance,
understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.
营养是另一个没有得到运动教练足够重视的方面。Yessis坚称，即使吃了补品，很多运动
员也没有得到最好的营养。毎一项活动都有自己的营养需求。到目前为止，几乎没有教练懂得
微量矿物质的缺乏是怎样使运动员受伤的。
Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken. ‘If we
applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this
country,’ Yessis asserts, ‘they would be breaking records left and right.’ He will
not predict by how much, however: ‘Exactly what the limits are it’s hard to say, but
there will be increases even if only by hundredths of a second, as long as our training
continues to improve.’
在打破记录方面，集中训练也起了作用。Yessis断言：“如果对我们国内的一些杰出赛跑
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