非遗传承,触摸中国文化Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Inheritanc_

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○风筝节吸引着世界各地的爱好者前来。图／刘富国

The kite festival attracts people from all over the world.

INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE INHERITANCE,

EXPERIENCING CHINESE CULTURE

非遗传承，触摸中国文化

文／王天宇

有祭孔大典的庄重威严，也有蹴鞠技

艺的欢脱喜悦；有木版年画的艺术韵味，

也有潍坊风筝的匠心独具；有梁祝传说的

凄美婉转，也有胶州秧歌的普天同庆；有

聊城杂技的翻转腾挪，也有山东快书的嬉

笑怒骂……在这片历史悠久的齐鲁大地

上，从来不缺乏人民的艺术，艺术的人民。

几张纸，一把剪刀，伴着“咔嚓咔嚓”

的剪纸声，生动活泼的形象跃然纸上。山

东各地都有剪纸的风俗，以高密剪纸为例，

其包括窗花、门笺、墙花、顶棚花、灯花、

花样、喜花、春花、丧花等。它的流传同

高密农村的节令风俗有着密切的关系。窗

花、门笺、灯花，便是在春节或元宵节时

贴挂的。

高密剪纸题材广泛内容丰富，花草虫

鱼、飞禽走兽和人物皆可入剪。所剪事物，

大多取材于民间传说、神话故事和戏曲故

事，象征性强，造型朴实夸张，粗犷中见

清秀，拙朴中藏精巧，反映出独到的民族

审美观。

小小荧幕撑起大大一片天，观众静候

在荧幕前，灯光闪耀在后面，唱念做打喜

怒哀乐，皮影似神仙身轻如燕，荧幕前皮

影忽隐又忽现，飘逸在云和雾里面，傲气

贯山巅，动静掌控全在绕指间。透明的眼，

纯净的笑脸，只看颜色就能辨忠奸，皮影

终变世代传承的经典。

皮影戏因其独特的表演形式成名于世

界舞台，具有浓郁的中国风格。定陶皮影

又名隔纸说书，是一种山东定陶县的传统

戏剧艺术形式，是皮影艺术的一个重要地

方分支，起源于十九世纪。相对于山东其

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他地方皮影的近乎说唱艺术而言，定陶皮

影则近乎地方戏曲，在山东皮影艺术中可

谓独树一帜。冯氏先人于明朝迁居定陶，

约在1821年，冯玉旗、冯玉福受剪纸艺

术的启发始创了皮影，至今已传6代。

定陶皮影系用牛皮制作，高一尺有余，

风格质朴粗犷，色泽古拙，刻工劲健，很

接近鲁西南的剪纸风味，具有强烈的地方

特色。所取牛皮待洗干刮净，晾至净亮透

明时才用于制作。制作时先将样稿轻画于

牛皮之上，然后用刀具或刻或凿，最后上

色、熨平，每个过程都有专人负责，最后

一关只有族人才能完成，从不外传。

潍坊风筝是山东潍坊传统手工艺珍

品，民间传统节日文化习俗。是非物质

文化遗产之一，现在世界上70%以上的

风筝都是源自潍坊。早在20世纪30年

代，潍坊就曾举办过风筝会。1978年以

来，潍坊风筝又焕发了生机，多次应邀

参加国内外风筝展览和放飞表演。1984

年4月1日，首届潍坊国际风筝会拉开

帷幕。1988年4月1日，第五届潍坊

国际风筝会召开主席团会议。会上与会

代表一致通过，确定潍坊市为“世界风

筝都”。1989年第六届潍坊国际风筝会

期间，成立了由美国、日本、英国、意

大利等16个国家和地区风筝组织参加的

“国际风筝联合会”，并决定把总部设

在潍坊。现在潍坊成为世界风筝文化交

流的中心，被世界各国人民称为风筝的

故乡。潍坊风筝同中国许多民间艺术形

式一样，产生于人们的娱乐活动，是寄

托着人们的理想和愿望，与人们的生活

有密切联系的娱乐品。

除了上述非物质文化遗产，目前，在

山东的非遗名录中，包含民间文学、民间

音乐、民间舞蹈、传统戏剧、曲艺、杂技

与竞技、民间艺术、传统手工技艺、传统

医药、民俗等10个大类。子丑寅卯，岁

月更替，从首批国家级非物质文化遗产到

如今，山东已经走过了12年，随着中国

非遗保护实践在制度建设、宣传展示和人

才培养三大方面的不断进步，非遗保护也

越来越受社会重视。

编辑／王雪芃

T

here is not only the solemnity

and stateliness of the Memorial

Ceremony for Confucius, but

pasted on the Spring Festival or

Lantern Festival.

Gaomi paper-cut has a wide range

of themes and rich contents. Flowers,

grass, insects, fish, birds, beasts, as well

as figures can all be paper-cut themes.

Most paper-cut themes are derived

from folk legends, myths and drama

stories, with high symbolization, simple

yet exaggerated shapes, exquisiteness

in roughness, as well as ingenuity in

simplicity, and reflect a unique national

aesthetic taste.

A small screen holds up a big sky.

The viewers silently wait before the

screen, lights shining behind them. By

singing, speaking, acting and martial

arts, with pleasure, anger, sorrow and

also the joy and pleasure of Cuju;

there is not only the artistic charm

of New Year woodprints, but also the

originality of Weifang kites; there is

not only the sadness and beauty of the

legend of the Butterfly Lovers, but also

the common celebration of Jiaozhou

Yangko; there is not only the twists and

turns of Liaocheng acrobatics, but also

the ironic humor of Shandong clapper

ballad… The time-honored Land of Qilu

never lacks the art of people and the

people of art.

Several sheets of paper and a

pair of scissors can produce vivid

and lively images with the sound of

paper-cutting. There is a custom of

paper-cutting all over Shandong. Take

Gaomi paper-cutting as an example.

This includes paper-cuts for window

decoration, paper-cuts for hanging on

doors, paper-cuts for wall decoration,

ceiling paper-cut, lantern paper-cut,

paper-cut patterns, wedding paper-

cut, Spring Festival paper-cut, funeral

paper-cut, and so forth. Its spread is

closely related to the festivals and

customs of rural areas in Gaomi. The

paper-cut for window decoration, the

paper-cut for hanging on doors and

the lantern paper-cut were usually

○皮影是中国特有的文化。图／张仁玉

Shadow play is the unique culture of China.

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○剪纸寄托着中国人对美好生活的希望。图／刘富国

Paper-cut expresses Chinese people's hope to the better life.

joy, shadow puppets move as lightly as

swallows. Their shadows flicker on the

screen, and float in clouds and mist,

with an incomparable momentum.

Movement and quietude are controlled

by hand. They have transparent

eyes and pure smiling faces. You can

distinguish loyal figures from disloyal

ones by observing colors. Finally, the

shadow puppetry becomes classic

passed down from generation to

generation.

Due to its unique performance

form with a strong Chinese style,

shadow puppetry has become famous

on the world stage. The Dingtao

shadow puppetry, also known as

storytelling on paper, is a traditional

form of drama art in Dingtao County,

Shandong. It is an important regional

branch of shadow arts, originated in

the 19th century. Compared to the

shadow puppetry of other places in

Shandong, which is similar to talking-

singing arts, the Dingtao shadow

puppetry is similar to a local opera,

and forms a unique style in the shadow

arts of Shandong. The ancestors of the

Feng family moved to Dingtao in the

Ming Dynasty. In about 1821, inspired

by paper-cut arts, Feng Yuqi and

Feng Yufu initiated shadow puppetry,

which has been passed down for 6

generations so far.

The shadow puppet of Dingtao is

made of cowhide, with a height of above

1/3 meter. Characterized by simple

and rough style, unadorned colors and

forceful carving, it is similar to the

paper-cut of Southwestern Shandong,

and has strong local features. After

being washed and shaved, the cowhide

will be air-dried and will not be used

for manufacturing until it becomes

bright and transparent. In the

manufacturing process, the sample

pattern is drawn on the cowhide. Then,

a cutter is used for carving or chiseling.

At last, it will be dyed and ironed. Each

process has a person to take charge.

The last step can only be completed by

the clansmen, and will never be passed

down to others.

Weifang kite is not only a

traditional handicraft treasure

of Weifang, Shandong, but also a

traditional festival cultural custom

in folk society. It is one of China’s

intangible cultural heritage items. Now,

more than 70% of kites worldwide come

from Weifang. In the 1930s, Weifang

used to hold a kite festival. Since 1978,

Weifang kites have been revitalized,

and have been invited to domestic and

foreign kite exhibitions and kite flying

performances more than once. On April

1, 1984, the First Weifang International

Kite Festival kicked off. On April 1,

1988, Weifang City was recognized as

the “Kite Capital of the World”. During

the Sixth Weifang International Kite

Festival in 1989, the “International

Kite Federation” was founded with

the participation of 16 countries and

regions such as the US, Japan, the

UK and Italy, and headquartered in

Weifang. As with many folk art forms

of China, Weifang kites originated from

people’s recreational activities. It is an

entertainment product that represents

our ideals and aspirations, and closely

relates to our lives.

In addition to the above intangible

cultural heritages, the existing

intangible cultural heritage list of

Shandong includes 10 categories such

as folk literature, folk music, folk dance,

traditional drama, Quyi (Chinese folk

art forms), acrobatics, athletics, folk

art, traditional handicrafts, traditional

Chinese medicine and folk customs. As

years passed by, from the First Batch of

National Intangible Cultural Heritage

to now, Shandong has gone through 12

years. With the continuous progress of

China’s practice in intangible cultural

heritage protection in the aspects of

institutional construction, publicity &

demonstration and talent cultivation,

intangible cultural heritage protection

has received more and more social

attention.

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