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2023年12月17日发(作者：斯特林转会切尔西多少钱)
2006
Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no
account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father
Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals
who have rejected America. But they have done that. They have grown
dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have
become anti-intellectual.
First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual?
(46)I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary
duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底)
way about moral problems.
He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by
asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting
action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information
which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge,
who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as
possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as
intellectuals—the average scientist for one.(48)I have excluded him
because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of
moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching
any but the factual aspects of those problems.
Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday
performance of his routine duties—he is not supposed to cook his experiments,
manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not
to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more
than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an
exploration of rules of conduct in business.
During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the
businessman takes his ethics.
The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that
teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn
their living. (50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their
salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on
human problems which involve moral judgment.
This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. Being learned in
some branch of human knowledge is one thing; living in “public and industrious
thoughts,” as Emerson would say, is something else.
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