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2024年4月12日发(作者：字符对应ascii码值)
1、competence and performance
1.1 The definition
According to the text book, competence is the knowledge you subconsciously
possess about how to speak a language. Performance is your real world linguistic
output. For my understanding ,the competence consists in the knowledge of
language which the language user in principle has; the performance is the result of
the psychological process that employs this knowledge----in producing or in
interpreting language utterances
Relationship
Language competence and performance are interdependent and
complementary to each other.
On the one hand ,language competence is the premise of language
performance. Competence is to performance what composer’s skills is to
composing or improvising t solid language skills can not gain a good
ability of language use.
On the other hand ,to improve the ability of language performance can
enhance and consolidate the level of language competence .performance is
reflected in the competence ,since language ability is not equal to the ability to
use the mance can neither be replaced by nor improved in space
with competence ,but to gain by training and practicing.
1.3 Example
As mentioned above, Performance
may
accurately reflect competence, but it
also may include speech errors due to slips of the tongue or memory problems,
understand this distinction, it is helpful to to think about a time when you've
made some sort of error in your speech. For example, let's say you are a native
speaker of English and utter the following:
I finded a beautiful place last weekend.
As a proficient speaker, it isn't that you don't know that the past tense of find
is found , you've just mistakenly applied the regular rule to an irregular verb. You're
unlikely to make this kind of error more than a small portion of the time, and may
never say "finded" again. Your competence is fine - you know how to conjugate
irregular English verbs, it is your performance that has let you down
2、Langue and parole
2.1 The definition
Langue is the system of a language, the language as a system of signs,
whereas parole is actual speech, the speech acts which are make possible by the
language. Langue is what the individual assimilates when he learns a language; it is
social and abstract and enables the members of a speech community to
communicate linguistically.
Parole, on the other hand, is individual and concrete; it is the realization of the
language system. In separating langue from parole, we are separating what is
social from what is individual and what is essential from what is accidental. The
task of linguist is to study langue, language as a system.
Relationship
Langue is used to express the voice of the complex and the most important of
human communication tool. Langue is abstract, parole specific to the speaking
situation; langue not actually spoken by an constitutes the
immediately accessible data, the linguist’s proper object is the langue of each
community, the lexicon, grammar, and phonology implanted in each individual by
his upbringing in society and on the basis of which he speaks and understands his
language.
when we say parole, the speaker uses the vocal cords and all kinds of vocal
organ to issue voice to convey meaning so that those who listen to can understand
the communication langue is closely related with the thinking of
mankind, and the essential character that different from other animals.
2.21 the difference
First,langue is abstract and parole is concrete . Parole has sound and written
form,which can be saw and heard.
Second,langue is a generally accepter way of is social and
national,which cannot be easily changed by individual.A person shares the same
the other hand,parole is simply a personal choice.
Third,langue is relatively fixed and parole is when a new word
gains public recognition,can it be accepted as part of the langue.
Finally langue denotes the abstract systematic principles of a language. Parole,
on the other hand, designates individual acts, statements and utterances, events of
language use. So we can see the key points are “systematic principle” and
“individual language use”.
2.22 the relation
From all above, we can make a clear conclusion on the relationship between
langue and parole
Parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue
is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person
to person, and from situation to situation.
That parole must depend on langue, and without parole, there would not be
any existing significance for langue.I think langue and parole are interdependent.
They together constitute language.
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