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2024年3月14日发(作者：正切函数图像性质)
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原 稿
Beidou positioning
Preface
Navigation satellite systems can provide all time, all weather and high accuracy
positioning, navigation and timing services to users on the earth surface or in the near-earth
space. It is an important space infrastructure, which extends people’s range of activities and
promotes social development. Satellite navigation is bringing up revolutionary changes to
the world politics, economy, military, technology and culture.
With a long history and a splendid culture, China is one of the important cradles of
early human civilization. In ancient times, Chinese people used the Big Dipper (Beidou) for
identifying directions, and invented the world’s first navigation device, the ancient compass
(Sinan), which was a great contribution to the development of world civilization. In modern
society, the Chinese-built BeiDou（COMPASS） system will become another contribution to
the mankind.
In early 1980s, China began to actively study the navigation satellite systems in line
with China’s conditions. In 2000, BeiDou Navigation Demonstration System is basically
established, which made China the third nation in possession of an independent navigation
satellite system following the United States and Russia. At present, China is steadily
accelerating the construction of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, and has already
successfully launched 10 satellites so far.
The BeiDou system will meet the demands of China’s national security, economic
development, technological advances and social progress, safeguard national interests and
enhance the comprehensive national strength. The BeiDou system will commit to providing
stable, reliable and quality satellite navigation services for global users. Along with other
GNSS providers, the BeiDou system will jointly promote the development of satellite
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navigation industry, make contributions to human civilization and social development,
serve the world and benefit the mankind.
I. System Description
The BeiDou system is comprised of three major components: space constellation,
ground control segment and user terminals. The space constellation consists of five GEO
satellites and 30 non-GEO satellites. The GEO satellites are positioned at 58.75°E, 80°E,
110.5°E, 140°E and 160°E respectively. The non-GEO satellites include 27 MEO satellites
and three IGSO satellites. The MEO satellites are operating in an orbit with an altitude
of 21,500 km and an inclination of 55°, which are evenly distributed in three orbital planes.
The IGSO satellites are operating in an orbit with an altitude of 36,000 km and an
inclination of 55°, which are evenly distributed in three inclined geo-synchronous orbital
planes. The subsatellite track for the three IGSO satellites are coincided while the longitude
of the intersection point is at 118°E, with a phase difference of 120°.
Ground control segment consists of several Master Control Stations (MCS), Upload
Stations (US) and a network of globally distributed Monitor Stations (MS). The main tasks
of MCS are to collect observing data from each MS, to process data, to generate satellite
navigation messages, wide area differential data and integrity information, to perform
mission planning and scheduling, and to conduct system operation and control. The main
tasks of Upload Stations include completing the upload of satellite navigation messages,
wide area differential data and integrity information, controlling and managing the payload.
The tasks of Monitor Stations include continuous tracking and monitoring of navigation
satellites, receiving navigation signals, sending observational data to the Master Control
Station for the satellites orbit determination and time synchronization.
The user terminals include various BeiDou user terminals, and terminals compatible
with other navigation satellite systems, to meet different application requirements from
different fields and industries.
The time reference for the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System uses BeiDou Time
(BDT). BDT’s length of second is a SI second. BDT was zero at 0:00:00 on January 1,
2006 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). BDT is a continuous system, traceable to the
UTC time maintained by the National Time Service Center (NTSC) of ChineseAcademy of
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