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Architecture
Visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting a software-intensive system demands that the system be viewed from a number of perspectives. Different stakeholders ---- end users, analysts, developers, system integrators, testers, technical writers, and project managers ---- each bring different agendas to a project, and each looks at that system in different ways at different times over the project’s life. A system’s architecture is perhaps the most important artifact that can be used to manage these different viewpoints and thus control the iterative and incremental development of a system throughout its life cycle.
Architecture is the set of significant decisions about
nThe organization of a software system
nThe selection of the structural elements and their interfaces by which the system is composed
nTheir behavior, as specified in the collaborations among those elements
nThe composition of these structural and behavioral elements into progressively larger subsystems.
nThe architectural style that guides this organization: the static and dynamic elements and their interfaces their collaborations, and their composition
Software architecture is not only concerned with structure and behavior but also with usage, functionality, performance, resilience, reuse, comprehensibility, economic and technology constraints and trade-offs, and aesthetic concerns.
As Figure 2-23 illustrates, the architecture of a software-intensive system can best be described by five interlocking views. Each view is a projection into the organization and structure of the system, focused on a particular aspect of that system.
体系结构
具有可视性，描述性，结构性和文档性的软件集约型系统要求可以从多个角度观察该系统．不同的权益关系人－－终端用户，分析人员，开发人员，系统集成人员，测试人员，文档工程师和项目经理－－每类人员都会将不同的议程带到项目组中，而且每类人员在项目的生命周期里，在不同的时间，用不同的方式看该系统．系统的体系结构也许是最重要的产品，它通常能管理这些不同的视点，因此能在系统的整个生命周期里控制它的迭代和增量开发．
体系结构是一组关于如下方面的重要决策
n软件系统的组织
n结构元素和组成系统接口的选择
n在元素之间的交互行为
n结构的组成和行为元素加入到逐步扩大的子系统中
n指导本组织的体系结构风格：静态和动态元素和它们交互的接口，还有它们的组成
软件结构不仅关系着结构和行为，还关系着使用，功能，性能，可塑性，可重复性，可理解性，经济性，技术性约束和取舍，美感．
如图2-23所描述的，集约型系统的体系结构通过五个连锁视图被最好的描述出来．每个视图映射系统的组织和结构，注重这个系统的特定方面．
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