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2024年4月12日发(作者：java后端正则表达式)
Linguistics语言学，the study of human language。包括Theoretical linguistics，Applied linguistics，
Sociolinguistics，Cognitive linguistics和Historical linguistics。这里主要考Theoretical linguistics，包
括:
词汇学, the study of what is a word and where words come from
ics语义学，the study of meaning in a language
ics语音学，the study of speech sounds (voice).
ogy音位学/音系学,the study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in
communication
logy形态学，the study of the structure and form of words and phrases
句法学，the study of the rules, or "patterned relations" that govern the way the words in a
sentence come together，与morphology形态学并称grammer语法学
tics文体学，the study of style used in literary, and verbal language and the effect the
writer/speaker wishes to communicate to the reader/hearer.
tics语用学，generally the study of natural language understanding, and specifically the study of
how context influences the interpretation of meanings.
补充：general linguistics, the study of the structure and development of language in general
Chapter 1 Introduction
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. T
2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. F
3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. F
4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against
the observed facts. T
5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. T
6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts,
theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. T
7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to
convey meaning in communication. T
8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. F
9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. T
10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the
combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. T
11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. T
12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. T
13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in
context. T
14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. T
15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. T
16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. T
17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.
18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. T
19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.
20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. F
Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.
22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech
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community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.
23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that
language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of
meaningful units.
24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.
25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in
languages is called s________.
26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and
learned.
27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The
study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.
29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new
signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of
sentences which they have never heard before.
30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.
Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.
A. prescriptive
B. analytic
C. descriptive
D. linguistic
32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness
B. Displacement
C. Duality
D. Meaningfulness
33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.
A. primary
B. correct
C. secondary
D. stable
34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.
A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed
C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue
D. All of the above
35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
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