CCD图像图像处理外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

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翻译部分

Raw CCD images are exceptional but not perfect. Due to the digital nature of the

data many of the imperfections can be compensated for or calibrated out of the final

image through digital image processing.

Composition of a Raw CCD Image.

A raw CCD image consists of the following signal components:

IMAGE SIGNAL - The signal from the ons are generated from the

actual source photons.

BIAS SIGNAL - Initial signal already on the CCD before the exposure is taken.

This signal is due to biasing the CCD offset slightly above zero A/D counts (ADU).

THERMAL SIGNAL - Signal (Dark Current thermal electrons) due to the thermal

activity of the semiconductor. Thermal signal is reduced by cooling of the CCD to

low temperature.

Sources of Noise

CCD images are susceptible to the following sources of noise:

PHOTON NOISE - Random fluctuations in the photon signal of the source. The

rate at which photons are received is not constant.

THERMAL NOISE - Statistical fluctuations in the generation of Thermal signal.

The rate at which electrons are produced in the semiconductor substrate due to

thermal effects is not constant.

READOUT NOISE - Errors in reading the signal; generally dominated by the

on-chip amplifier.

QUANTIZATION NOISE - Errors introduced in the A/D conversion process.

SENSITIVITY VARIATION - Sensitivity variations from photosite to photosite on

the CCD detector or across the detector. Modern CCD's are uniform to better than 1%

between neighboring photosites and uniform to better than 10% across the entire

surface.

Noise Corrections

REDUCING NOISE - Readout Noise and Quantization Noise are limited by the

construction of the CCD camera and can not be improved upon by the user. Thermal

Noise, however, can be reduced by cooling of the CCD (temperature regulation). The

Sensitivity Variations can be removed by proper flat fielding.

CORRECTING FOR THE BIAS AND THERMAL SIGNALS - The Bias and

Thermal signals can be subtracted out from the Raw Image by taking what is called a

Dark Exposure. The dark exposure is a measure of the Bias Signal and Thermal

Signal and may simply be subtracted from the Raw Image.

FLAT FIELDING -A record of the photosite to photosite sensitivity variations can

be obtained by taking an exposure of a uniformly lit 'flat field". These variations can

then be divided out of the Raw Image to produce an image essentially free from this

source of error. Any length exposure will do, but ideally one which saturates the

pixels to the 50% or 75% level is best.

The Final Processed Image

The final Processed Image which removes unwanted signals and reduces noise as

best we can is computed as follows:

Final Processed Image = (Raw - Dark)/Flat

All of the digital image processing functions described above can be accomplished

by using CCDOPS software furnished with each SBIG imaging camera. The steps to

accomplish them are described in the Operating Manual furnished with each SBIG

imaging camera. At SBIG we offer our technical support to help you with questions

on how to improve your images.

HOW TO SELECT THE CORRECT CCD IMAGING CAMERA FOR YOUR

TELESCOPE

When new customers contact SBIG we discuss their imaging camera application.

We try to get an idea of their interests. We have found this method is an effective way

of insuring that our customers get the right imaging camera for their purposes. Some

of the questions we ask are as follows:

What type of telescope do you presently own? Having this information allows us to

match the CCD imaging Camera's parameters, pixel size and field of view to your

telescope. We can also help you interface the CCD imaging camera's automatic

guiding functions to your telescope.

Are you a MAC or PC user? Since our software supports both of these platforms we

can insure that you receive the correct software. We can also answer questions about

any unique functions in one or the other. We can send you a demonstration copy of

the appropriate software for your review.

Do you have a telescope drive base with an autoguider port? Do you want to operate

from a remote computer? Companies like Software Bisque fully support our products

with telescope control and imaging camera software.

Do you want to take photographic quality images of deep space objects, image

planets, or perform wide field searches for near earth asteroids or supernovas? In

learning about your interests we can better guide you to the optimum CCD pixel size

and imaging area for the application.

Do you want to make photometric measurements of variable stars or determine

precise asteroid positions? From this information we can recommend a CCD imaging

camera model and explain how to use the specific analysis functions to perform these

tasks. We can help you characterize your imaging camera by furnishing additional

technical data.

Do you want to automatically guide long uninterrupted astrophotographs? As the

company with the most experience in CCD autoguiding we can help you install and

operate a CCD autoguider on your telescope. The Model STV has a worldwide

reputation for accurate guiding on dim guide stars. No matter what type of telescope

you own we can help you correctly interface it and get it working properly.

SBIG CCD IMAGING CAMERAS

The SBIG product line consists of a series of thermoelectrically cooled CCD

imaging cameras designed for a wide range of applications ranging from astronomy,

tricolor imaging, color photometry, spectroscopy, medical imaging, densitometry, to

chemiluminescence and epifluorescence imaging, etc. This catalog includes

information on astronomical imaging cameras, scientific imaging cameras,

autoguiding, and accessories. We have tried to arrange the catalog so that it is easy to

compare products by specifications and performance. The tables in the product

section compare some of the basic characteristics on each CCD imaging camera in

our product line. You will find a more detailed set of specifications with each

individual imaging camera description.

HOW TO GET STARTED USING YOUR CCD IMAGING CAMERA

It all starts with the software. If there's any company well known for its

outstanding imaging camera software it's SBIG. Our CCDOPS Operating Software is

well known for its user oriented camera control features and stability. CCDOPS is

available for free download from our web site along with sample images that you can

display and analyze using the image processing and analysis functions of the

CCDOPS software. You can become thoroughly familiar with how our imaging

cameras work and the capabilities of the software before you purchase an imaging

camera. We also include CCDSoftV5 and TheSky from Software Bisque with most

of our cameras at no additional charge. Macintosh users receive a free copy of

EquinoX planetarium and camera control software for the MacOS-X operating

system. No other manufacturer offers better software than you get with SBIG

cameras. New customers receiving their CCD imaging camera should first read the

installation section in their CCDOPS Operating Manual. Once you have read that

section you should have no difficulty installing CCDOPS software on your hard drive,

connecting the USB cable from the imaging camera to your computer, initiating the

imaging camera and within minutes start taking your first CCD images. Many of our

customers are amazed at how easy it is to start taking images. Additional

information can be found by reading the image processing sections of the CCDOPS

and CCDSoftV5 Manuals. This information allows you to progress to more advanced

features such as automatic dark frame subtraction of images, focusing the imaging

camera, viewing, analyzing and processing the images on the monitor, co-adding

images, taking automatic sequences of images, photometric and astrometric

measurements, etc.

A PERSONAL TOUCH FROM SBIG

At SBIG we have had much success with a program in which we continually review

customer's images sent to us on disk or via e-mail. We can often determine the cause

of a problem from actual images sent in by a user. We review the images and contact

each customer personally. Images displaying poor telescope tracking, improper

imaging camera focus, oversaturated images, etc., are typical initial problems. We

will help you quickly learn how to improve your images. You can be assured of

personal technical support when you need it. The customer support program has

furnished SBIG with a large collection of remarkable images. Many customers have

had their images published in SBIG catalogs, ads, and various astronomy

magazines. We welcome the chance to review your images and hope you will take

advantage of our trained staff to help you improve your images.

TRACK AND ACCUMULATE (U.S. Patent # 5,365,269)

Using an innovative engineering approach SBIG developed an imaging camera

function called Track & Accumulate (TRACCUM) in which multiple images are

automatically registered to create a single long exposure. Since the long exposure

consists of short images the total combined exposure significantly improves resolution

by reducing the cumulative telescope periodic error. In the TRACCUM mode each

image is shifted to correct guiding errors and added to the image buffer. In this mode

the telescope does not need to be adjusted. The great sensitivity of the CCD virtually

guarantees that there will be a usable guide star within the field of view. This feature

provides dramatic improvement in resolution by reducing the effect of periodic error

and allowing unattended hour long exposures. SBIG has been granted U.S. Patent #

5,365,269 for Track & Accumulate.

DUAL CCD SELF-GUIDING (U.S. Patent # 5,525,793)

In 1994 with the introduction of Models ST-7 and ST-8 CCD Imaging Cameras

which incorporate two separate CCD detectors, SBIG was able to accomplish the goal

of introducing a truly self-guided CCD imaging camera. The ability to select guide

stars with a separate CCD through the full telescope aperture is equivalent to having a

thermoelectrically cooled CCD autoguider in your imaging camera. This feature has

been expanded to all dual sensor ST series cameras (ST-7/8/9/10/2000) and all STL

series cameras (STL-1001/1301/4020/6303/11000). One CCD is used for guiding

and the other for collecting the image. They are mounted in close proximity, both

focused at the same plane, allowing the imaging CCD to integrate while the PC uses

the guiding CCD to correct the telescope. Using a separate CCD for guiding allows

100% of the primary CCD's active area to be used to collect the image. The

telescope correction rate and limiting guide star magnitude can be independently

selected. Tests at SBIG indicated that 95% of the time a star bright enough for

guiding will be found on a TC237 tracking CCD without moving the telescope, using

an f/6.3 telescope. The self-guiding function quickly established itself as the easiest

and most accurate method for guiding CCD images. Placing both detectors in close

proximity at the same focal plane insures the best possible guiding. Many of the long

integrated exposures now being published are taken with this self-guiding method,

producing very high resolution images of deep space objects. SBIG has been granted

U.S. Patent # 5,525,793 for the dual CCD Self-Guiding function.

COMPUTER PLATFORMS

SBIG has been unique in its support of both PC and Macintosh platforms for our

cameras. The imaging cameras in this catalog communicate with the host computer

through standard serial or USB ports depending on the specific models. Since there

are no external plug-in boards required with our imaging camera systems we

encourage users to operate with the new family of high resolution graphics laptop

computers. We furnish Operating Software for you to install on your host computer.

Once the software is installed and communication with the imaging camera is set up

complete control of all of the imaging camera functions is through the host computer

keyboard. The recommended minimum requirements for memory and video graphics

are as shown below.

GENERAL CONCLUSION

(1) of this item from the theoretical analysis of the use of CCD technology for

real-time non-contact measuring the diameter of the feasibility of measuring it is fast,

efficient, accurate, high degree of automation, off-production time and so on.

(2) projects to test the use of CCD technology to achieve real-time, online non-contact

measurement, developed by the CCD-line non-contact diameter measurement system

has a significant technology advanced and practical application of significance.

(3) from the theoretical and experimental project on the summary of the utilization of

CCD technology developed by SCM PV systems improve the measurement accuracy

of several ways: improving crystal, a multi-pixel CCD devices and take full advantage

of CCD-like device Face width.

译文

原料CCD图像是例外，但并非十全十美。由于数字数据的性质有很多不完善，

可以得到补偿或校准出最后的形象，通过数字图像处理。 组成原料CCD图像。 原

料CCD图像组成，以下信号组成部分： 图像信号-信号从s ons

产生实际的光子源。 偏置信号-初步信号已经在防治荒漠化公约前曝光是所采取

的。这个信号是由于偏置防治荒漠化公约抵销略高于零的A / D计数（ adu ） 。

热信号-信号（暗电流的热电子）由于热活性半导体。热信号是减少冷却防治荒

漠化公约低温。来源噪音CCD图像很容易受到以下来源的噪音： 光子噪声-随机

波动，在光子的信号源。率在哪个光子收到的是不是常数。 热噪声-统计的波动

产生的热信号。率，其中电子产品在半导体基板由于热效应是不是常数。 读出

噪声-在读的错误信号;普遍占主导地位由芯片内建的放大器。 量化噪声-错误介

绍了在A / D转换过程。

敏感性的变化-敏感性的变化，从p hotosite，以p hotosite对C CD探测

器或整个探测器。现代的CCD是统一，以更好地超过1 ％的邻国间photosites

和统一，以更好地超过10 ％ ，横跨整个表面。

噪音更正减少噪音-读出噪声和量化噪声是有限的，由建设的C CD相机，并

不能改善后，由用户。热噪声，但是，可以减少冷却防治荒漠化公约（温度调节） 。

敏感性的变化可以删除适当的平场。

纠正偏见和热的信号-偏见和热信号可以减去从R AW图像，采取什么是所谓

的一个黑暗的暴露。黑暗曝光，是衡量偏差信号和热信号和可能只是减去RAW

图像。

平场-的纪录，该photosite ，以photosite敏感性的变化可以得到以一曝光，

均匀点燃了'平场“ 。这些变化便可以划分出RAW图像，以产生一个形象，基本

上是免费的从这个误差来源。任何长度的接触将尽，但理想的其中饱和像素到

50 ％或75 ％的水平是最好的。

最后处理的图像最后处理的形象，删除无用信号，并降低噪音，最好的，我们

可以计算如下：

最后处理的图像= （原料-黑暗） /单位所有的数字图像处理功能上文所述，可

以通过使用ccdops软件家具与每个sbig成像相机。步骤来完成他们所描述的操

作手册家具与每个sbig成像相机。在sbig我们提供我们的技术支持，以帮助您

的问题，就如何改善你的图像。

如何选择正确的CCD成像相机为您的望远镜

当新客户的联系sbig我们讨论他们的成像相机应用。我们争取的构想他们的利

益。我们发现，这种方法是一种有效方式，投保我们的客户得到正确的影像相机

为他们的目的。的一些问题，我们要求分列如下：

什么类型的望远镜，你目前自己的呢？有这方面的资料，让我们以配合CCD

成像相机的参数，像素大小和领域，以便您的望远镜。我们还可以帮助您界面

CCD成像照相机的自动导向功能到您的望远镜。

你是Mac或PC使用者？由于我们的软件支持这两种平台，我们可以保证您收

到正确的软件。我们也可以回答有关任何独特功能，在一个或另一个。我们可以

寄给您一个示范的副本，适当的软件，供您检阅。

你是否有望远镜的驱动器基地，你想不想经营从远程计算机呢？公司一样，

软件bisque全力支持我们的产品与望远镜控制和成像相机软件。

你想不想采取摄影图像质量的深空物体，行星的图像，或执行广泛的领域搜

寻近地小行星或supernovas ？在学习关于您的利益，我们可以更好地引导您以

最佳的CCD像素大小和成像等领域的应用。

你想不想使光度测量变星或确定精确的小行星的职位？从这个信息我们可以

向您推荐CCD成像相机型号，并解释如何使用具体分析的职能，以执行这些任务。

我们可以帮助你的特点你的影像相机通过提供额外的技术数据。

你想不想自动引导长期不间断的作为该公司最的经验，防治荒漠化公约

autoguiding我们可以帮助你安装和运行了CCD autoguider对您的望远镜。该

模型基金会已享誉全球，为正确的指导就黯淡引导星。不管什么类型的望远镜，

你自己的，我们可以帮助您正确的接口，它并获得它工作正常。 sbig CCD成像

相机

该sbig产品线构成了一系列的thermoelectrically冷却CCD成像相机设计

的范围广泛的应用，包括从天文，三色成像，彩色测光，光谱学，医学成像，密

度，化学发光和epifluorescence影像等，这包括信息目录对天文的影像照相机，

科学成像相机， autoguiding ，及配件。我们曾尝试安排目录，使我们很容易

比较产品的技术规格和性能。表中，在产品第比较的一些基本特征，在每个CCD

成像相机在我们的产品线。您会看到一个更详细的设置规格与每一个人影像相机

描述。

如何开始使用您的CCD成像相机

这一切开始与该软件。如果有任何公司，以及闻名，其优秀的成像相机软件，它

的sbig 。我们ccdops操作软件，是人所共知的，为它的用户导向的相机控制

功能和稳定性。 ccdops是提供免费下载从我们的网站，随着样本图像，您可以

显示和分析，利用图像处理和分析的职能，该ccdops软件。你就可以成为彻底

熟悉如何，我们的影像照相机的工作和能力的软件之前，请先购买一成像相机。

我们还包括ccdsoftv5和thesky从软件bisque与我们大部分的摄影机不得收取

任何附加费用。 Macintosh用户收到一个免费的副本之天文馆和相机控制软件，

为的MacOS - X操作系统。没有其他的制造商提供更好的软件比你所获得的sbig

相机。新客户接受他们的CCD成像相机，首先要阅读安装在其第ccdops操

作手册。一旦您已经阅读第你应该有任何困难，安装ccdops软件对您的硬盘驱

动器，连接USB缆线从影像相机到您的电脑，启动影像相机和在几分钟内开始把

您的第一CCD图像。我们的许多客户都感到惊讶它是如何的方便开始采取图像。

更多信息可发现，通过阅读图像处理路段的ccdops和ccdsoftv5手册。这方面

的资料可让您的进展，以更先进的功能，如自动黑暗的框架减法的图像，把重点

放在成像相机，检视，分析与处理的图像上萤幕，合作，加入图像，同时自动序

列图像，天体测量和光度测量等。oversaturated图像等，是典型的初始的问题。

我们将帮助您迅速了解如何改善您的图像。你可以放心,个人技术支持，当您需

要它。客户支持计划提供了sbig一个大型收集了显着的图像。许多客户有其图

像发表在sbig目录，广告和各种天文学杂志。我们欢迎有机会检讨您的图片，

并希望您将充分利用我们的训练有素的工作人员来帮助您改善您的图片。

使用一种创新的工程方法， sbig研制出一种影像相机功能的所谓轨道＆积

累（traccum），其中多张图片自动注册，以建立一个单一的长时间曝光。由于长

时间曝光构成短期图像总结合曝光显着提高决议案通过减少累积望远镜周期误

差。在traccum模式，每幅图像是转移到正确的指导错误，并添加到图像缓冲区。

在此模式下望远镜并不需要加以调整。伟大的敏感性，防治荒漠化公约几乎保证

会有一个实用指南星内部的视野。此功能可提供戏剧性的改善，在决议通过减少

的影响，周期误差，并允许无人值守小时长的风险。sbig已获得美国专利编号

5365269，为田径运动积累。双CCD的自我指导（美国专利编号5,525,793 ）

在1994年与引进模式的ST- 7和ST- 8 CCD成像相机，其中包含两个单独的CCD

探测器， sbig是能够完成的目标，引进一个真正的自导的CCD成像相机。能够

选择引导星与一个单独的CCD通过充分望远镜光圈，相当于有一个

thermoelectrically冷却的CCD autoguider在您的影像相机。此功能已扩大到

所有双传感器ST系列相机（st-7/8/9/10/2000）和所有的STL系列相机

（ stl-1001/1301/4020/6303/11000 ）。1防治荒漠化公约是用于指导和其他收

集的形象。他们是安装在接近，都集中在同一平面，使成像CCD的整合，而PC

机使用的指导防治荒漠化公约，以正确的望远镜。使用一个单独的CCD为指导，

使100 ％的小学防治荒漠化公约的积极方面，以被用来搜集的形象。望远镜的

校正率和限制导航星的规模可以独立选定。测试sbig表明， 95 ％的时间明星

光明足够的指导，将发现的一tc237跟踪的CCD移动望远镜，使用f/6.3望远镜。

自我的指导作用迅速确立了自己作为最简单和最精确的方法，为指导CCD图像。

配售两探测器在接近在同一焦平面保险尽可能最好的指导。许多长期的综合风

险，现在正在出版是采取这种自我指导的方法，生产甚高分辨率图像深的空间物

体。 sbig已获得美国专利编号为5525793的双重防治荒漠化公约自律的指导作

用。

计算机平台

sbig已在其独特的支持，双方的PC和Macintosh平台，为我们的相机。成像相

机在此目录的沟通与主机电脑通过标准的串行或USB连接埠视具体型号。由于没

有外部程式在议会的要求与我们的成像摄像系统，我们鼓励用户与新的家庭高分

辨率的图形的笔记本电脑。我们提供操作软件，让您安装在您的主机电脑。一旦

软件安装和通信与影像相机是成立完全控制所有的成像相机功能是通过主机电

脑键盘。建议的最低要求。