石油英语翻译 实践内容

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Unit One

Oil（油）

1. The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time. Some of the

Indians of North America used to collect and sell the oil from the wells of

Pennsylvania. No one,however,seems to have realized the importance of this oil

until it was found that paraffin-oil could be made from it; this led to the

development of the wells and to the making of enormous profits. When the internal

combustion engine was invented,oil became of worldwide importance.

1、油井的存在由来已久。北美的一些印第安人过去常常去宾夕法尼亚的油井采集油

来出售。一直以来，没有人认识到这种油的重要性，后来人们发现它可提炼出煤油来，

情况才为之一变。自此油井遂蓬勃发展，巨额利润也由此产生。当内燃机发明后，石

油更具有世界性重要意义。

2. What was the origin of the oil which now drives our motor-cars and aircraft?

Scientists are confident about the formation of coal,but they do not seem so

sure when asked about oil. They think that the oil under the surface of the

earth originated in the distant past,and was formed from living things in the

sea. Countless billions of minute sea creatures and plants lived and sank to

the sea bed. They were covered with huge deposits of mud; and by processes of

chemistry,pressure and temperature were changed through long ages into what

we know as oil. For there creatures to become oil,it was necessary that they

should be imprisoned between layers of rock for an enormous length of time.

The statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map

showing the chief oilfield of the world; very few of them are far distant from

the oceans of today. In some places gas and oil come up to the surface of the

sea from its bed. The rocks in which oil is found are of marine origin too.

They are sedimentary rocks,rocks which were laid down by the action of water

on the bed of the ocean. Almost always the remains of shells,and other proofs

of sea life,are found close to the oil. A very common sedimentary rock is called

shale,which is a soft rock and was obviously formed by being deposited on the

sea bed. And where there is shale there is likely to be oil.

2、现在驱动汽车和飞机的油的起源是什么？科学家对煤的形成一清二楚，然而论及

石油时，它们就不那么有把握了。他们认为，处于地表下的油起源于远古，并是由海

洋生物形成的。数亿的微小海洋动物和植物繁衍生殖并沉到海底。它们被厚厚的泥沙

沉积物所覆盖，并由于化学变化、压力和温度的作用过程，在漫长的时间中变成了我

们所知道的石油。这些生物要变成石油，必须被密封在岩石之中很长时间。如果瞧一

瞧标明世界主要油田的地图，石油起源于海洋之说便可以得到证实，极少有油田是远

离今天的海洋的。在某些地方，天然气和石油从海底冒出海面。含油的岩石与海洋也

有渊源关系。它们是水成岩，是由海水作用沉至海底的。在有石油地方的附近几乎总

是有贝壳遗骸和其他海洋生物的证据。一种十分常见的水成岩叫油页岩，他是一种很

软的岩石，很明显是因为被压积在海底而后形成的。而哪儿有油页岩，哪儿就可能有

石油。

3. Geologists,scientists who study rocks,indicate the likely places to the

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oil drillers. In some cases oil comes out of the ground without any drilling

at all and has been used for hundreds of years. In the island of Trinidad the

oil is in the form of asphalt,a substance used for making roads. Sir Walter

Raleigh visited the famous pitch lake of Trinidad in 1595; it is said to contain

nine thousand million tons of asphalt. There are probably huge quantities of

crude oil beneath the surface.

3、研究岩石的科学家即地质学家给石油钻井工指明可能产生油处。有些地方，根本

无需挖掘，油自动冒出地面，并已这样使用了几百年。在特立尼达岛，石油以沥青-即

用作铺路的物质-形式存在。在沃尔特·罗利爵士在1595年访问过特立尼达的著名沥青

湖，据说该湖的沥青容量有90亿吨。在其地表下可能有大量原油。

4. The king of the oilfield is the driller. He is a very skilled man. Sometimes

he sends his drill more than a mile into the earth. During the process of

drilling,gas and oil at great pressure may suddenly be met,and if this rushes

out and catches fire,the oil well may never be brought into operation at all.

This danger is well known and steps are always taken to prevent it.

4、油田的主角是钻井工。他们是熟练技术工人。有时他得把钻头钻入地下一英里深。

在钻探过程中，由于巨大的压力，可能会突然碰上气和油，而如果油气喷出来并着了

火，此油井便可能永远无法启用。这种危险是人人共知的，因此人们采取防护措施。

5. There is a lot of luck in drilling for oil. The drill may just miss the

oil although it is near; on the other hand,it may strike oil at a fairly high

level. When the drill goes down,it brings up soil. The samples of soil from

various depths are examined for traces of oil. If they are disappointed at one

place,the drillers go to another. Great sums of money have been spent,for

example in the deserts of Egypt,in 'prospecting' for oil. Sometimes little is

found. When we buy a few gallons of petrol for our cars,we pay not only the

cost of the petrol,but also part of the cost of the search that is always going

on.

5、在钻井采油中也常要碰运气。钻头可能离油很近，但却失之交臂。而有时钻头可

能在很浅处就碰上了油。钻头钻下去，把土带上来。人们检验从不同深处带上来的土

样以探明油迹。如果一处落空了，钻井工就转移到另一处。为了“勘探”石油，已花费了

巨额钱财，例如在埃及沙漠就是那样。有时所获甚微。当我们为自己的汽车购买几加

仑汽油时，我们付的不仅仅是汽油的价钱，而且还包括了一部分不断在进行着的勘探

费用。

6. When the crude oil is obtained from the field,it is taken to the refineries

to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is

heated,the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol

has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand,it soon vaporizes.

Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the

lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that

is used as fuel.

6、当原油从油田取得后，就被送往炼油厂去处理。最常见的处理方式是加热。油加

热时最早升起的蒸汽冷却后就为最好的汽油。汽油沸点低，如果倒入少许在手上，它

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立即就蒸发掉。稍后从油中分离出来的气体就被冷凝成煤油，最后制出的各种不同等

级的润滑油。而剩下的部分是用作燃料的重油。

7. There are four main areas of the world where deposits of oil appear. The

first is that of the Middle East,and includes the regions near the Caspian

Sea,the Black Sea,the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf,another is the area between

North and South America,and the third,between Asia and Australia,Includes the

islands of Sumatra,Borneo and Java.

7、世界上已探明的主要蕴藏石油地区有4个，第一是中东地区，包括里海、黑海、

红海和波斯湾附近地区，另一个是北美和南美间的油区，而第三个是亚洲和澳洲之间

的地区，包括苏门答腊、婆罗洲和爪洼岛。

8. The forth area is the part near the North Pole. When all the present

oilfields are exhausted,it is possible that this cold region may become the

scene of oil activity. Yet the difficulties will be great,and the costs may

be so high that no company will undertake the work. If progress in using atomic

power to drive machines is fast enough,it is possible that oil-driven engines

may give place to the new kind of engine. In that case the demand for oil will

fall,the oilfields will gradually disappear,and the deposits at the North Pole

may rest where they are for ever.

8、第四个油区是靠近北极那部分区域。当所有现今的油田都枯竭了的时候，这一寒

冷地区可能会成为石油竞争活动的场所。然而困难将是很大的，同时代价也可能很高，

因此没有一家公司肯承担这一任务。如果利用原子能来开动机器方面的工作进展迅速，

那么以油为动力的发电机可能让位于新型发动机。在那种情况下，对石油的需求量将

下降，油田将逐渐消失，而北极的储油也可能永远睡在原地。

Unit Two

An Introduction to Distillation 蒸馏概述

1. Petroleum refining is the separation of petroleum into fractions and the

subsequent treating of these fractions to make them into petroleum products.

Most petroleum products,including kerosenes,fuel oils,lubricating oils,and

waxes,are fractions of petroleum that have been treated to remove undesirable

components. Other products,for example,gasolines,aromatic solvents,and even

some asphalts,are totally or partly synthetic in that they have compositions

that are impossible to achieve by direct separation of these materials from

crude petroleum. They result from chemical processes that change the molecular

nature of selected portions of crude petroleum; in other words,they are the

products of refining or they are refined products. 1、石油炼制即将石油分离

成各种馏分，然后将这些馏分经过处理，制成各种石油产品。大部分石油产品，包括

煤油、燃料油、润滑油和石蜡，都是原油经过处理去掉不需要的成分而得到的石油馏

分。其他石油产品，如汽油、芳烃溶剂、甚至包括有些沥青，则是通过完全或者部分

合成而制造的。因为组成这些产品的物质成分无法通过直接分离原油获得，而是通过

化学反应过程，从原油中选定某些成分并改变其分子属性而获得的。换言之，它们是

通过炼制得到的，或称为炼制产品。

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2. Refining petroleum is a complex series of steps by which the original crude

material is eventually converted into salable products with the desired

qualities and,perhaps more important,in the amounts dictated by the market.

2、石油炼制包含一系列复杂的过程。通过这些过程，石油原料最终转化成为可销售的

产品。这些产品在质量上符合人类需要，而更重要的是它们在数量上符合市场要求。

3. In fact,a refinery is essentially a group of manufacturing plants that

vary in number with the variety of products produced; refinery processes must

be selected and products manufactured to give a balanced operation: that

is,crude oil must be converted into products according to the rate of sale of

each. For example,the manufacture of products from the lower boiling portion

of petroleum automatically produces a certain amount of higher boiling

components. If the latter cannot be sold as,say,heavy fuel oil,they accumulate

until refinery storage facilities are full. To prevent the occurrence of such

a situation,the refinery must be flexible and able to change operations as

needed. This usually means more processes-a cracking process to change an excess

of heavy fuel oil into more gasoline with coke as the residual product or a

vacuum distillation process to separate the heavy oil into lubricating oil

stocks and asphalt-to accommodate the ever-changing demands of the market. 3、

实际上，炼油厂从根本上说是一组生产装置，其数量根据生产产品的不同而不同。炼

油工艺须经选择，产品生产应该平衡：即从原油生产产品必须依据每一产品的销售速

度而进行。比如，从沸点较低的组分生产石油产品，就会自动产生一定数量的高沸点

产品。如果高沸点产品，如重燃料油，无法销售，这些产品就会积压，直到装满炼厂

的储存设施。要避免这种情况出现，炼厂应采取灵活措施，并能够根据需要改变操作。

一般而言，这意味着需要更多的工艺以适应不断变化的市场需求：运用裂化工艺将过

剩重燃料油转化成汽油，而焦碳成为残余品；或者运用真空蒸馏工艺将重油分解成润

滑油和沥青。

addition,a complete refining installation must include the following:

all necessary non-processing facilities; adequate tankage for storing crude

oil,intermediate,and finished products; a dependable source of electrical

power,material-handling equipment; workshops and supplies for maintaining a

continuous 24 h/day,7 day/week operation; waste disposal and water-treating

equipment; and product-blending facilities. 4、此外，一套完整的炼油装置须包

括以下设备：所有必须的非工艺设施：足够的储罐容量用以储存原油、中间产品和成

品；可靠的电力和物质处理设备来源；用于维持一天24小时，一周七天连续运转所需

的车间和物资：废料和污水处理设备；以及产品调合设施。

5. In the early stages of refinery development,when illuminating and

lubricating oils were the main products,distillation was the major and often

only refinery process. At that time,gasoline was a minor,but more often

unwanted,product. As the demand for gasoline increased,conversion processes

were developed because distillation could no longer supply the necessary

quantities. 5、在早期炼油工业发展过程中，照明用油和润滑油是主要的产品，蒸馏

则成了主要的甚至经常是唯一的炼油工艺。当时，汽油本身尽管不是重要产品，但也

常讨人嫌。随着市场对汽油需求的增加，产品转化工艺随之发展，因为蒸馏已不能满

足对汽油的数量需求。

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6. Nevertheless,distillation has remained a major refinery process and a

process to which just about every crude that enters the refinery is subjected.

A multitude of separations are accomplished by distillation,but its most

important and primary function in the refinery is its use for the separation

of crude oil into component fractions. 6、但是，蒸馏仍然是重要的炼油工艺，

而且所有原油进入炼厂都必须经过蒸馏。许多分离过程是通过蒸馏进行的，但蒸馏在

炼油厂中的最重要和主要的功能则是它在将原油分离成不同馏分过程中的作用。

7. Thus it is possible to obtain products ranging from gaseous materials taken

off the top of the distillation column to a heavy residue or “bottom”,which is

usually nonvolatile,with correspondingly lighter materials taken off at

intermediate points. However,the majority of crude oils,and this applies to

the heavier,more viscous petroleums,which are processed by distillation,are

usually separated into the lighter fractions

(gas,gasoline,naphtha,kerosene,and gas oil) and the bottom or,as it is more

generally called,the reduced crude. 7、由此，我们有可能获得石油产品，这些产

品包括从蒸馏塔顶部得到的气态物质，包括比重较大的渣油或称“残渣”(一般而言挥发

性较差)，以及从蒸馏塔中部得到的比重较小的其他相应物质。但是，经过蒸馏处理的

大多数原油，包括比重较大、粘度更大的原油，一般都分离为较轻组分(气、汽油、粗

汽油、煤油和粗柴油)和残渣，或者更多称作常压重油。

reduced crude may then be processed by vacuum or steam distillation

to separate the high-boiling lubricating oil fractions without the danger of

decomposition,which occurs at high (>350℃,660℉) temperatures.

Indeed,atmospheric distillation may be terminated with a lower boiling fraction

(“cut”) if it is thought that vacuum or steam distillation will yield a better

quality product or if the process appears to be economically more favorable.

8、然后，通过真空蒸馏或蒸汽蒸馏，常压重油可以分离成高沸点润滑油组分而没有

分解的危险。这种分离在高温状态下进行(>350℃，660℉)。如果认为真空蒸馏或蒸汽

蒸馏生产的产品质量更好，或者从经济角度看更为有利，则低沸点组分分离出来后，

常压蒸馏即可结束。

Unit Three

Petroleum Geology and Other Sciences 石油地质学与其它科学

1. Petroleum geology is the application of geology (the study of rocks) to

the exploration for and production of oil and gas. Geology itself is firmly

based on chemistry,physics,and biology,involving the application of

essentially abstract concepts to observed data. In the past these data were

basically observation and subjective,but they are now increasingly physical

and chemical,and therefore more objective. Geology,in general,and petroleum

geology,in particular,still rely on value judgements based on experience and

an assessment of validity among the data presented.

1、石油地质学是地质学(岩石研究)在油气勘探开发和生产中的应用。地质学本身是

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以化学、物理和生物学为基础，应用其基本的抽象理论概念来解释观察到的资料。在

过去，这些资料主要凭主观观察获取。现在借助物理和化学手段，因而更具客观性。

从根本上讲，地质学和石油地质学，仍然特别依赖于基于经验的数值判断和对现有资

料的有效性评估。

2. The application of chemistry to the study of rocks (geochemistry) has many

uses in petroleum geology. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogical composition

of rocks is important at many levels. In the early stages of exploration certain

general conclusions as to the distribution and quality of potential reservoir

could be made from their gross lithology. For example,the porosity of sandstones

tends to be facies related,whereas in carbonate rocks this is generally not

so. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogy of reservoirs enables estimates to

be made of the rate at which they may lose porosity during burial,and this

detailed mineralogical information is essential for the accurate

interpretation of geophysical well logs through reservoirs. Knowledge of the

chemistry of pore fluids and their effect on the stability of minerals can be

used to predict where porosity may be destroyed by cementation,preserved in

its original form,or enhanced by solution of minerals by formation waters.

2、化学应用到石油地质的岩石研究(地球化学)中有许多作用。岩石矿物组分的详细

资料在许多方面很重要。在勘探早期，就潜在储层的分布和质量我们可以从总的岩性

得出某些通用的结论。例如，砂岩孔隙度一般与相有关，而一般在碳酸盐岩中则并非

如此。储层矿物学的详细知识可以帮助我们估计出在埋藏过程中孔隙度损失的速率。

这样详细的矿物组分资料对于准确地解释储层地球物理测井非常必要。了解孔隙流体

的化学组成及其对岩石稳定性的影响，有助于预测哪些地区孔隙度因胶结作用而变差，

哪些地区孔隙度保持不变，哪些地区孔隙度因地层水的溶蚀作用而提高。

3. Organic chemistry is involved both in the analysis of oil and gas and in

the study of the diagenesis of the plant and animal tissues in sediments and

the way in which the resultant organic compound,kerogen,generates petroleum.

3、有机化学则可应用于分析原油和天然气，研究沉积物中植物和动物组织的成岩作

用，研究动植物组织转化为合成有机化合物，揭示由此而生成的有机化合物干酪根生

成石油的方式。

4. The application of physics to the study of rocks (geophysics) is very

important in petroleum geology. In its broadest application geophysics makes

a major contribution to understanding the earth's crust and,especially through

the application of modern plate tectonic theory,the genesis and petroleum

potential of sedimentary basins. More specially,physical concepts are required

to understand folds,faults,and diapirs,and hence their roles in petroleum

entrapment.

4、在石油地质中，将物理应用到岩石研究(地球物理)中很重要。地球物理的广泛应

用对于了解地壳，尤其是应用了现代板块构造理论后，对于了解沉积盆地的成因和潜

在石油资源作出了重要贡献。更为特别的是，在理解褶皱、断层和底辟以及它们在石

油圈闭过程中的作用时需要物理概念。

5. Modern petroleum exploration is unthinkable without the aid of

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magnetism,gravity,and seismic surveys in finding potential petroleum traps.

Nor could any finds be evaluated effectively without geophysical wireline well

logs to measure the lithology,porosity,and petroleum content of a reservoir.

5、利用现代石油勘探手段寻找潜在的石油圈闭时，如果没有地磁、重力和地震勘探，

是不可想象的。同样，如果没有地球物理电缆测井测量岩性、孔隙度和储层中石油的

含量，对任何发现的圈闭也不可能做到有效评价。

6. Biology is applied to geology in several ways,notably through the study

of fossils (paleontology),and is especially significant in establishing

biostratigraphic zones for regional stratigraphical correlation. The shift in

emphasis from the use of macrofossils to microfossils for zonation,caused by

oil exploration,has already been noted. Ecology,the study of the relationship

between living organisms and their environment,is also important in petroleum

geology. Carbonate sediments,in general,and reefs,in particular,can only be

studied profitably with the aid of a detailed knowledge of the ecology of modern

marine fauna and flora. Biology,and especially biochemistry,is important in

studying the transformation of plant and animal tissues into kerogen during

burial and the generation of oil or gas that may be caused by this

transformation.

6、生物学可以从几个方面应用于地质学。较为明显的是用于化石研究(古生物学)，

同时，生物学对区域地层对比和建立生物层序地层带具有极为重要的意义。由石油勘

探引起的划带重点化石已经显然由大化石转移到微体化石。生态学，即研究生物与其

环境之间关系的科学，在石油地质中也很重要。碳酸盐岩沉积物，特别是生物礁，只

有在现代海洋动物群落和植物群落生态学详细资料的帮助下才能获得有益的研究成

果。生物学，尤其是生物化学，对于埋藏过程中动植物组织转化为干酪根并由此生成

石油和天然气的研究很重要。

7. Geologists,in contrast to some nongeologists,believe that knowledge of

the concepts of geology can help to find petroleum and,furthermore,often think

that petroleum geology and petroleum exploration are synonyms,which they are

not. Theories that petroleum is not formed by the transformation of organic

matter in sediments have already been noted and are examined in more detail.

If the petroleum geologists' view of oil generation and migration are not

accepted,then present exploration methods would need extensive modification.

7、地质学家相对于非地质学家来说，更相信了解地质概念有助于寻找石油。而且，

常常认为石油地质和石油勘探是同义词，而实际上并非如此。石油并不是由沉积物中

的有机物转化而来的理论已经引起人们的关注，并在许多细节问题上得以证实。如果

石油地质学者关于油气生成和运移的观点不被接受，那么目前的勘探方法需要大幅度

改变。

8. Some petroleum explorationists still do not admit to a need for geologists

to aid them in their search. In 1982 a successful oil finder from

Midland,Texas,admitted to not using geologists because when his competitors

hired them,all it did was to increase their costs per barrel of oil found. The

South African State Oil Company (SOEKOR) is under a statutory obligation imposed

by its government to put to the test every claim to an oil-finding method,be

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it a dowsing or some sophisticated scientific technique. These examples are

not isolated cases,and it has been argued that oil may better be found by random

drilling than by the appliance of scientific principles.

8、一些石油勘探家仍然不承认在找油过程中需要地质学家的帮助。1982年，一位德

州米德兰油田的发现者声称没有雇佣地质学家。他的对手雇佣了地质学家，结果只是

增加了每桶原油的成本。南非国家石油公司在政府法律强行规定下，对每种发现石油

的方法(寻找矿藏和水源机械方法或复杂的科学方法)必须进行测验。上述事例并非是

独一无二的，它说明寻找石油可能的较好方法是随机钻探，而不是应用科学原理。

Unit Four

The Future of Energy 能源的未来

Viewpoints: It's the End of Oil / Oil Is Here to Stay

观点：石油的终结/石油仍有潜力

's the End of Oil 石油的终结

oil production is about to reach a peak and go into its final decline.

For years,a handful of petroleum geologists,including me,have been predicting

peak oil before 2007,but in an era of cheap oil,few people listened.

Lately,several major oil companies seem to have got the message. One of

Chevron's ads says the world is currently burning 2 bbl. of oil for every barrel

of new oil discovered. ExxonMobil says 1987 was the last year that we found

more oil worldwide than we burned. Shell reports that it will expand its Canadian

oil-sands operations but elsewhere will focus on finding natural gas and not

oil. It sounds as though Shell is kissing the oil business goodbye. M. King

Hubbert,a geophysicist,correctly predicted in 1956 that oil production in the

U.S. would peak in the early 1970s-the moment now known as "Hubbert's Peak."

I believe world oil production is about to reach a similar peak.

2. 世界石油产量将达到顶峰并最终下滑。几年来，一些石油地质学家，包括我，一

直预言2007年前达到石油高峰，但是当时油价格便宜时，很少有人听得进去。最近，

几个主要的石油公司似乎已经了解这个信息了。雪佛龙的广告说世界现在每发现一桶

石油就要燃烧两桶石油。埃克森美孚说1987年是我们发现石油比燃烧石油数量多的最

后一年。壳牌报告指出它将扩大在加拿大的油砂作业，但是在其它地方则会集中注意

力寻找天然气而不是石油。听起来壳牌似乎要跟石油买卖告别了。地球物理学家金.胡

伯特在1956年正确地预言了美国石油生产将在20世纪70年代初期达到高峰。现在人们

称这一时期为“胡伯特高峰”。我认为世界石油生产将达到一个类似的高峰。

g oil is like fishing in a pond. After several months,you notice that

you are not catching as many fish. You could buy an expensive fly rod-new

technology. Or you could decide that you have already caught most of the fish

in the pond. Although increased oil prices (which ought to spur investment in

oil production) and new technology help,they can't work magic. Recent

discoveries are modest at best. The oil sands in Canada and Venezuela are

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extensive,but the Canadian operations to convert the deposits into

transportable oil consume large amounts of natural gas,which is in short supply.

3. 寻找石油就像在一个池塘里钓鱼。几个月后，你会发现你没有钓到那么多鱼。你

可以买一个昂贵的采用全新技术的鱼竿，或者你也可以认为你已经掉到了池塘里大多

数鱼。虽然上涨的失忆价格（本来应该带动石油生产投资）和新技术有所帮助，但是

它们并不会带来奇迹。最近最好的发现也不过是不错而已。加拿大和委内瑞拉的油砂

数量比较大，但是加拿大将这些储藏转化成可运输的石油的工作耗费了大量的短缺天

然气。

technology cannot eliminate the difficulty Hubbert identified: the rate

of producing oil depends on the fraction of oil that has not yet been produced.

In other words,the fewer the fish in the pond,the harder it is to catch one.

Peak production occurs at the halfway point. Based on the available data about

new oil fields,there are 2,013 billion bbl. of total producible oil. Adding

up the oil produced from the birth of the industry until today,we will reach

the dreaded 1,006.5-billion-bbl. halfway mark late this year. For two

years,I've been predicting that world oil production would reach its peak on

Thanksgiving Day ,with high oil prices pushing virtually all oil

producers to pull up every barrel they can sweat out of the ground,I think it

might happen even earlier.

4. 技术也不能完全消除困难。胡伯特指出：石油生产取决于还未生产的那部分石油。

换句话说，池子里的鱼越少，想钓到鱼就越难。高峰产量现在出现在半路的位置。根

据可查到的新的油田的数据，总共有两万零一百三十亿桶可生产的石油。加上从石油

产业出现至今所有的石油产量，今天，随着高涨的石油价格迫使所有石油生产商提高

他们奋力掏出的每桶石油的价格[此句话个人觉得前后矛盾]，我想这一天可能会更早

地到来。今年下半年刚好是在半数的位置。两年来，我一直预言世界石油产量将在2005

年感恩节时到达高峰。我们就会得到一个令人忧心的数字一万零六十五亿桶。

Oil Is Here to Stay石油仍有潜力 "Peak Oil" theory fits nicely on a

cocktail napkin. ts curve looks like this: Colonel Edwin Drake starts pumping

crude in Pennsylvania in 1859. We've been pumping faster and faster ever since.

Sooner or later,on this finite planet of ours,it just has to run out. U.S.

production peaked in the 1970s. Global production will soon be on the downside

of the same dismal curve.

6.“石油峰值”理论所提出的曲线发展模式与鸡尾酒纸巾的曲线十分吻合。I克鲁尼爱

德华德雷克于1859年开始在宾夕法尼亚州开采石油。自此，石油开采速度越来越快。

然而，在我们这个资源有限的星球上，石油资源迟早会耗尽。在美国，石油产量已经

在20世纪70年代达到顶峰。国际石油产量很快也会走下坡路。

7.a Nonsense. Technology and politics-not geology-determine how much we pump

and what it costs.

7.以上说法都是无稽之谈。科学水平和政治才是决定石油产量和生产成本的因素，

而地质因素则显得无关紧要。

America currently consumes about 7 billion bbl.[这个没查到什么意思] of oil

a year. When production in Persian Gulf fields was ramped up by 12 billion bbl.

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a year in the 1960s,global prices collapsed. That made it politically painless

for the U.S. to ban almost all new drilling off the Florida and California coasts

and then in much of Alaska. With oil,as with textiles,domestic production peaked

because others began producing the same stuff cheaper,while we contrived to

make our production more expensive. Today Alaska contains 18 billion bbl. of

off-limits crude. We've embargoed at least an additional 30 billion bbl. beneath

our coastal waters. And we could fuel many of our heavy trucks and delivery

vehicles for a decade with the 20 billion bbl. worth of natural gas we've placed

off limits in federal Rocky Mountain lands.

8.目前，美国的石油消费量是每年大约70一桶。20世纪60年代，波斯湾地区的石油

年产量直冲120亿桶，国际原油价格急跌。因此，美国停止了在佛罗里达州和加利福尼

亚州海岸几乎所有地区以及阿拉斯加州大部分地区的石油开采。而这一行为对美国政

治来说丝毫没有影响。当海外生产成本比国内成本更低时，国内产量就会处在峰值并

开始下降。在这一点上，石油产业和纺织产业是相同的。目前阿拉斯加地区有180亿桶

禁止开采的原油数量。此外我们近海地区还封存了300亿桶的储量。而洛基山脉地区200

亿桶的天然气储量也足够满足重型卡车和其他运输工具的未来十年的需求。

e our borders,Alberta's tar sands contain 180 billion bbl.

recoverable with current technology,and Calgarians are pumping that oil today.

A total of several trillion barrels of oil soak the sands of Canada and Venezuela

alone-a century's worth at the current global rate of consumption. Then there

are methane hydrates. The U.S contains some 30 trillion bbl. worth of those

frozen hydrocarbons off the shores of Alaska,the continental coasts and under

the 's little doubt they too can be extracted economically. If

we try,we'll certainly find cheap ways to transform North America's 1 trillion

bbl. worth of coal into crude as well. 。General Patton's Third Army completed

its roll across Europe on coal liquefied with German technology.

9.在美国之外，加拿大阿尔伯塔省的沥青砂中蕴藏着1800亿桶现有技术条件下可回

收的原油。卡尔伯里人现在也正在开发这一部分资源。按照目前世界石油消费速度来

计算，这些储备足够我们使用一个世纪。此外，值得一提的还有甲烷水合物。大约30

万亿桶的碳氢化合物目前封存于美国的阿拉斯加海岸地区、大陆海岸地区、以及落基

山区。无疑，这些资源也能够以比较经济的方式开发出来。巴顿将军领导下的第三军

团就是利用德国的液化煤技术驰骋于欧洲大陆。此外，我们也能够以比较廉价的方式

将北美地区一万亿桶煤转化为能替代原油的液化煤The price of oil has always

fluctuated. In inflation-adjusted dollars,it was higher in the early 1980s than

it is tion technologies continue to improve much faster than supply

horizons recede. We've got the right know-how and the right planet. What we

lack is the political will.

10.原油价格时常波动。以扣除通货膨胀因素的美元计算，20世纪80年代的原油价格

比现在要高。而开采技术进步的速度远大于石油产区储量减少的速度。我们有技术，

有资源，所缺乏的正是政治上的决心。

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Unit Five

An Introduction to Petrochemicals 石油化工产品概述

1. The petroleum era was ushered in by the 1859 finding at

Titusville,Pennsylvania,but the flourishing of chemicals from petroleum has

been only since the early twentieth century. Natural gas and petroleum are in

fact our chief sources of hydrocarbons. Natural gas is quite variable in

composition,but the major constituent (>60%) is methane. Other components are

the homologous alkanes,ethane,propane,and higher hydrocarbons. In terms of

volume,most of the natural gas produced is used for fuel,although a substantial

amount is used as raw material for the synthesis of various types of chemicals.

1、1859宾西法尼亚洲Titusville地区钻出油井，开创了石油时代。但从石油中成功地

提取化学产品，则直到20世纪早期才开始。实际上,天然气和石油是我们碳氢化合物的

主要来源。天然气在成分上不大稳定，但主要成分(60％)是甲烷。，其他组分有同系

烷、乙烷、丙烷以及高分子碳氢化合物。从数量看，尽管有相当数量的天然气用作各

种合成化合物的原料，但所生产的大多数天然气用作燃料。

2. The chemical industry depends very heavily on petroleum,natural gas,and

natural gas liquids as sources of raw materials. It is likely that in excess

of 90% of the literally thousands of different basic organic chemicals employed

today are derived from these sources. 2、化学工业的原材料来源严重依赖石油、

天然气和液态天然气。当今所应用的上千种不同的基本有机化学产品中很可能有超过

90％的产品来自这些资源。

3. The petrochemical industry has grown with the petroleum industry and is

considered by some to be a mature industry. However,as is the case with the

latest trends in changing crude oil types,it must also evolve to meet changing

technological needs. 3、石油化学工业是随着石油工业发展起来的，而且有人认为

已是一个成熟的工业部门。然而，从原油类型变化的最新趋势来看，石油化学工业同

样需要进一步发展以适应技术发展的需要。

4. The manufacture of chemicals or chemical intermediates from petroleum and

natural gas constituents is an excellent example of the conversion of such

materials to more valuable products. The individual chemicals made from

petroleum and natural gas are numerous and include industrial

chemicals,household chemicals,fertilizers,and paints,as well as intermediates

for the manufacture of products,such as synthetic rubber and plastics. 4、

从石油和天然气组分中生产化学产品或化学中间产品极好地证明了这些物质能够转换

成更有价值的产品。从石油和天然气提取的单个化学产品数量众多；包括工业产品、

家庭用品、化肥、油漆、以及用于生产其他产品的中间产品，如合成橡胶和塑料。

5. The processing of petroleum hydrocarbon to yield materials that

are,essentially,the building blocks of other chemicals industries,is now very

extensive. 5、石油碳氢化合物通过加工所生产的物质，基本上是其他化学工业的预

制品，这种加工目前范围十分广泛。

6. Petrochemicals are generally chemical compounds derived from petroleum

either by direct manufacture or by indirect manufacture as by-products from

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the variety of processes that are used during the refining of petroleum.

Gasoline,kerosene,fuel oils,Lubricating oils,waxes,asphalts,and the like are

excluded from the definition of petrochemicals,since they are not,in the true

sense,chemical compounds but are in fact intimate mixtures of hydrocarbons.

6、石化产品一般指直接或间接地从石油中提炼的化合物，这些化合物往往是石油炼制

各种过程中产生的副产品。汽油、煤油、燃料油、润滑油、石蜡、沥青以及诸如此类

的产品不属于石化产品。因为，从严格意义上说，它们不是化合物，而是烃类的均质

混合物。

7. The classification of materials such as petrochemicals is used to indicate

the source of the chemical compounds,but it should be remembered that many

common petrochemicals can be made from other sources,and the terminology is

therefore a matter of source identification. 7、象“石化产品”这样的物质分类用

来表明化合物的来源。但应记住，许多我们所熟知的石化产品也可以通过其他途径生

产，因而这一名称只是用来识别原料。

8. The starting materials for the petrochemical industry are obtained from

crude petroleum in one of two general ways. They may be present in the virgin

petroleum and as such,are isolated by physical methods,such as distillation

or solvent extraction. On the other hand,they may be present in trace amounts

and are synthesized during the refining operations. In fact,unsaturated

hydrocarbons,which are not usually present in virgin petroleum,are nearly

always manufactured as intermediates during the various refining sequences.

8、石化工业的初始原料大概通过一到两种方法从原油中提取。这些原料物质，也许本

身就存在于原油当中，因此通过物理方法加以分离，如蒸馏和溶取。同时，这些物质

也可能因含量低而在炼制作业中生成了合成物。实际上，原油中一般不存在非饱和烃，

几乎所有的非饱和烃都是在各种炼制过程中作为中间产品而产生的。

9. The manufacture of chemicals from petroleum is based on the ready response

of the various compound types to basic chemical reactions,such as

oxidation,halogenation,nitration,dehydrogenation,addition,polymerization,a

nd alkylation. The low-molecular-weight paraffins and olefins,as found in

natural gas and refinery gases,and the simple aromatic hydrocarbons have so

far been of the most interest because it is these individual species that can

readily be isolated and dealt with. A wide range of compounds is possible,many

are being manufactured,and we are now progressing the stage in which a sizable

group of products is being prepared from the heavier fractions of petroleum.

For example,the various reactions of petroleum heavy ends,in particular the

asphaltenes,indicate that these materials may be regarded as chemical entities

and are able to participate in numerous chemical or physical conversions

to,perhaps,more useful materials. The overall effect of these modifications

is the production of materials that either afford good-grade aromatic cokes

comparatively easily or the formation of products bearing functional groups

that may be employed as a nonfuel material. 9、从石油生产化学品的依据是各种

类型的化合物对各种基本的化学作用感应迅速，如氧化作用、卤化作用、硝化作用、

脱氢作用、添加作用、聚合作用和烷基化作用。迄今为止，人们最感兴趣的是从天然

气和炼厂气中所得到的低分子量石蜡和稀烃，以及简单芳烃，因为这些物质能够进行

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迅速分离和处理。大量化合物都有望得到、其中许多化合物正在生产。目前我们正在

探索如何从石油的重质馏分中提炼数量可观的产品。比如，石油重质尾部馏分，尤其

是沥青质的各种反应表明这些物质可以看成化学本质，也许能够通过各种化学和物理

反应转变成更有价值的产品。这些变化的总体效应是，所生产的物质，或者能够相对

容易地提供高品质芳焦，或者能够形成功能族产品，用作非燃料材料。

10. For example,the sulfonated and sulfomethlated materials and their

derivatives have satisfactorily undergone tests as drilling mud thinners,and

the results are comparable to those obtained with commercial mud thinners. In

addition,these compounds may also find use as emulsifiers for the in situ

recovery of heavy oils. There are also indications that these materials and

other similar derivatives of the asphaltenes,especially those containing such

functions as carboxylic or hydroxyl,readily exchange cations and could well

compete with synthetic zeolites. Other uses of the hydroxyl derivatives and

/ or the chloroasphaltenes include high-temperature packings or heat transfer

media. 10、比如，将磺化物质、磺甲基化物质及其衍生物作为钻井泥浆稀料进行测试，

效果令人满意，其应用效果可以同商业泥浆稀料相媲美。此外，这些化合物也可用作

重油初采的乳化剂。另有迹象表明，这些物质和沥青质的其它类似衍生物，尤其是具

有诸如羧基和羟基功能的物质，能够迅速地交换阳离子，并且同沸石形成有力抗衡。

羟基和／或含氯沥青的衍生物的其他用途包括用作高温包装材料和热传递介质。

11. Reactions incorporating nitrogen and phosphorus into the asphaltenes are

particularly significant at a time when the effects on the environment of many

materials containing these elements are receiving considerable attention.

Various measures have been and will be taken to release such effects. 11、

将氮气和磷混合成沥青的化学反应尤为重要，因为含有这些元素的物质对环境造成的

影响正受到严重关注。人们已经且还要采取各种措施来减少这些影响。

12. Nevertheless,the main objective in producing chemicals from petroleum

is the formation of a variety of well-defined chemical compounds that are the

basis of the petrochemical industry. It must be remembered,however,that ease

of separation of a particular compound from petroleum does not guarantee its

use as a petrochemical building block. Other parameters,particularly the

economics of the reaction sequences,including the costs of the reactant

equipment,must also be taken into consideration. 12、不过，从石油生产化学制

品的主要目的在于，生产出大量具有明确界定的化合物，以奠定石化工业的基础。但

是必须清楚，如果某种化合物能够容易地从石油中分离出来，并不表明它一定就是石

化产品的预制品。其它因素，尤其是生产这些化合物的经济因素，包括反应设备的成

本，必须考虑在内。

Unit Six

A World Without Oil 假如世界没有石油

you ever stopped to think how your life would change if the world ran

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out of oil? Take a look at your day. The roof of your home is probably made

waterproof by an oil product,bitumen. The same product is used for the road

surface outside your home. Before you leave to go to work or school,just examine

your surroundings. Is the room warmer than the cold air outside? Oil,or

electricity from oil-fed generators may be keeping you comfortably warm. If

you are comfortably cool in a tropical climate,your air conditioning unit may

also depend on oil-fed generators.

1.你曾想过没有，如果世界上用尽了石油，你的生活会发生什么样变化呢？请看一

看你的日常生活。你家的屋顶可能是用一种叫沥青的石油产品做成防水的。沥青同样

可用来铺你家外面的路面。在你离家去上班或上学之前，请观察一下你周围的环境。

房间里会比外面冷空气暖和吗？这是石油或由燃油发电机发出来的电使你感到舒适温

暖。如果你在炎热的气候里感到舒适凉爽，那么你家的空调器可能也是靠燃油发电机

工作的。

the kitchen and the bathroom you will probably see some plastic fittings

such as tiles and working surfaces; polystyrene cups; curtains made from

synthetic materials; disinfectants and detergents. All owe their origin to the

oil known as petroleum (Latin/Greek 'petra',rock,and Latin 'oleum',oil),found

deep in the earth. Look inside the medicine cupboard for more petroleum

products,medical paraffin and petroleum jelly. Cosmetics such as face

creams,lipsticks and hair preparations are often based on petroleum.

2、在厨房和浴室里你可能看到一些塑料器具，如塑料地板和塑料操作台面、聚苯乙

烯杯子、合成材料的浴帘、消毒剂和去污剂。所有这些都是来自称为“Petroleum”的石

油。“Petroleum”(石油)是(由拉丁或希腊文"petro"(岩石)和拉丁文"oleum"(油)组成)，

深埋在地下。向药厨里看看，你可以找到更多的石油产品，如药用石蜡和凡士林。化

妆品如雪花膏、唇膏、洗发剂等，常用石油作为基本原料。

you're out,notice the fields and gardens. Fertilizers and insecticides

made from petroleum can improve crop production. Recently protein feeds for

animals have been developed by growing yeast in a petroleum based stock. As

you head for your bus,train or car,all of which use petroleum products in the

form of fuel to move them and lubricants to keep them in working order,take

a look in the mirror. What are you wearing today? A polyester shirt or

dress,nylon socks or stockings,and acrylic sweater-a raincoat of PVC (polyvinyl

chloride)? All of these are based on petroleum products.

3、当外出时你会看到农田和花园。化肥和杀虫剂是由石油制取的，可以使农作物增

产。最近已经研制出一种动物食用的蛋白质饲料，它是用石油作为基本原料加上酵母

而制成的。公共汽车、货车或小轿车，都是靠石油产品作燃料开动的，用润滑油保持

这些车辆正常工作。当你去乘车之前要照一照镜子。看看今天穿什么衣服好？是化纤

服装（衬衫还是外套），是尼龙袜（短袜还是长袜），晴纶毛衣还是塑料雨衣？而所

有这些都是用石油产品作原料的。

4. Scientists predict that the world's known oil resources will run out early

in the next century. But long before then the world will have to decide on its

priorities. Can we afford to use so much of our limited petroleum supplies for

private motoring? Should airlines compete on similar routes allowing planes

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to fly long distances with empty passenger seats? What alternative energy

resources can be developed?

4、科学家预言世界上已探明的石油资源将在下个世纪初用尽。但远在那时候以前，

世界就必须确定石油是优先考虑控制使用的物资。石油储量既然有限，我们还能把那

么多的石油用于私人汽车吗？难道航空公司还应该为了在类似的航线上竞争而允许他

们的客机有空座的长途飞行吗？能开发出什么样的替代能源呢？

5. There is an old English saying,"Necessity is the mother of invention,"

which means that when you are faced with a need you will discover some way of

fulfilling it. Already scientists are proposing some fascinating solutions.

There is one suggestion that the wheeled traffic and the footsteps of crowds

walking the streets in major cities could generate energy. One company has

presented an idea in which metal strips inserted in pavements and roads operate

fly wheels by means of a piston action using hydraulic fluid. They say the human

and wheeled traffic in a busy city center could provide enough energy to light

the streets of an entire town or power the heating system for a hospital or

school. Some people are developing sophisticated versions of the windmill.

Engines can run on alcohol,so surplus sugar cane could be used to produce energy.

An air ship powered by energy from the sun has been suggested. Such "sun ship"

would have a large enough surface area to carry the enormous number of solar

cells necessary to move any appreciable load. Such "sun ship" might travel at

over one hundred kilometers an hour. In such circumstances,of course,the

tropical parts of the world would have a head start in the race to find new

energy sources.

5、英国有一句古话“需要是发明之母”。这意味着当你面对一种需要时，你将发现一

种方法满足它。科学家们已经在提出一些迷人的解决方案。有一个建议提出，在大城

市街道上，拥挤的人群走的脚步和路面上往来行使的车辆可以用来生产能量。一个公

司提出这样想法：嵌在人行道和路面上的金属条用液压活塞的作用使飞轮转动。他们

说，在繁华大城市的中心，人群和过往车辆可提供足够的能量为整个城镇的街道照明

或者为一个医院或学校提供供暖系统的动力。某些人正在研制高级的风车技术。发动

机可用乙醇作燃料开动，因此，过剩的甘蔗可用来产生能量。还有人建议用太阳能作

动力来驱使飞艇。这种“太阳能飞艇”必须要很大的面积以携带大量的太阳能电池，这样

才有可能运载可观的载荷。这种“太阳能飞艇”也许每小时能航行100多公里。当然倘若

这样，世界的热带地区在寻找新能源的竞赛中将会领先一步。

Unit Seven

Earth's Last Frontier:The Sea 海洋，地球最后的待开发疆域

1. "We've all gone a little crazy about the outer space2 business," says Vice

Admiral C.B. Momsen. "The ocean is the place where we should be putting our

efforts in order to provide for future generations.'' 1、“我们都对那些外太

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空的事情有些狂热，”海军上将C、B、Momsen说，“为了供养子孙后代，海洋才是我们应

该投入努力的地方。”2. Seventy-one percent of the earth's surface is covered

by water. An observer,looking at the earth from another planet,would be likely

to call it Oceanus. If all the continents and mountains were bulldozed flat,the

earth would be covered by water more than 12,000 feet deep. 2、地球表面的百

分之七十一被水覆盖。一个观测者从另一个行星看地球将可能称其为海洋之神。如果

所有的大陆和山脉被推平，那么地球表面将被一层超过12000英尺深的水所覆盖。

3. Sea and air are divided by a viscous curtain; beneath the curtain is an

element weighing 800 times as much as air,utterly dark a few fathoms down,and

with pressures that would pulp a man at 3,000 feet. Yet we know that many animals

live in the deeps at pressures of 15,000 pounds per square inch. 3、海洋和

空气被一种粘性的“帘布”分开，“帘布”之下是一种比空气重800倍的成分，向下几英嚼

完全黑暗，在3000英尺深处的压力会把人压成酱。然而，我们知道很多动物生活在每

英寸15000磅压力的深处。

4. As a life environment,the sea is a kind of land turned upside down. The

sunlit pastures are at the top,where the water is saturated with tiny drifting

vegetables,phytoplankton,and equally minute animals,zooplankton. The athletic

animals come up to graze in this fertile prairie and become links in extensive

food chains,formed roughly along the lines3 suggested by Shakespeare: 4、作

为一个生命环境，海洋如同一块倒转过来的陆地。阳光普照的牧场在上面，这里的海

水中充满着微小的漂浮植物，也就是浮游植物，以及同样微小的动物、即浮游动物。

运动的动物从下层海水中游上来，到这块肥沃的“牧场”上觅食，构成了广阔的食物链中

的环节。这些大致如同莎士比亚的剧本台词中所说：

5. "Master,I marvel how the fishes live in the sea." 5、“主人，我惊讶鱼怎

么在大海里生存。”6. "Why,as we do a-land: the great ones eat up the little ones."

6、“为什么?如同我们陆地上的所做：大的总是吃小的。”7. The food chains extend to

the abyss. The most amazing fact about this inverted life pyramid is that only

2% of the nutritive matter ends up in swimming fish. The rest falls to the

invertebrates: pulsing jelly fish,darting shrimp,fixed colonies5 of coral

polyps,and crawlers and diggers of the floor. There are about 30,000 known

species of marine life,and marine biologists discover more than 100 new ones

each year.

7、食物链一直延伸到深渊。最令人惊奇的事是这个反向倒转的生命金字塔里仅仅2％

的营养物质在游动的鱼嘴里终结。其余部分落入无脊椎动物嘴中：脉动式水母、刺虾、

珊瑚虫群、海底的爬行动物和潜在泥中的动物。现在已经知道的海洋生命大约有30000

种，而且海洋生物学家们每年都会发现超过100种新的海洋物种。

8. One main branch of sea science,physical oceanography,holds enormous

unanswered questions. The nature of the bottom,the circulation of the deep

currents,and the chemistry of the water are poorly understood.

8、海洋科学的一个主要分枝，物理海洋学，有为数众多的未解之题。(我们对)海底

的自然生态、深海水流的循环，以及海水化学目前都知之甚少。

9. The Atlantic hydrographic chart is being revised continuously,and nuclear

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submarines are now charting the Arctic basin under the ice. Yet vast areas of

the Pacific are unmapped and the Indian Ocean has hardly been touched. We know

that several depressions in the floor are deeper than Mt. Everest is high,but

we cannot be sure that we have found the deepest one. 9、大西洋水文图在持续

不断地被修订，核潜艇现在正在冰卞进行北极海盆的测绘。然而，太平洋的大片海域

还没有海底地图，印度洋甚至尚未被着手(测绘)。我们已经知道有几个海床坑处的深

度高于珠穆朗玛峰的高度，但是我们不能确定我们已经找到了海底最深的地方。

10. Consider the abyssal valley called the Marianas Trench,lying west of Guam.

In 1951,the British Challenger expedition sounded6 33,640 feet at one place

in the trench. In 1957 the Soviet ship Vitiaz sounded 300 feet deeper at another

place nearby,and later the Russian vessel found a spot 225 feet deeper than

that. 10、留心一下位于关岛西面的名叫马利亚纳海沟的深海谷地。1951年，英国挑

战者探险队测到海沟的一个地方有33640英尺深。1957年，苏联船Vitiaz号测到在附近

的另一个地方比上处更深300英尺。其后，俄国船发现另一个地点比刚才那个还深225

英尺。

11. The French navy has built an abyssal bathyscaphe to take three men to

the floor of the Marianas Trench. It seems certain that no human observers will

ever get closer to the core of the earth than these men. The world's deepest

land shaft accessible to men is the Champion Reef gold mine in India,which is

only 9,811 feet deep. 11、法国海军已经建造了一个深海潜水器，用来装载三个人

去到马利亚纳海沟的基底。看来很确定的是，不会再有任何其他观测者能比这三个人

更接近地球的核心。世界上最深的，人可以到达的陆基深井是在印度的Champion Reef

金矿，深度仅仅9811英尺。

12. The depthmen will measure cosmic ray penetration of the

sea,radioactivity,and the age of the water in the abyss. They may also make

still and motion pictures of the trench,take water and sedimental

temperatures,and perhaps sight no one knows what living creatures in that

perpetual night. Serious scientists like Sir Alister Hardy of Oxford do not

rule out the possibility that there are sea monsters to be discovered. A few

years ago divers,working in a wreck under the Red Sea,several times sighted

a wrasse 20 feet long. This is a common vegetarian species,never before found

more than three feet long. 12、深入海底的人将在深海测量宇宙射线对海水的穿透

力、放射性活动，以及海水的年龄。他们还要对海沟摄像摄影，测量水和沉积物的温

度，也许还能观测到那永恒黑夜下中不为人知的生物。像牛津大学的Alister Hardy先

生-样严谨的科学家们没有排除在那里海洋怪物被发现的可能性。几年前，在红海底一

只沉船里工作的潜水员几次看到一条20英尺长的濑鱼。这是一种常见的草食的鱼类，

以前从来没有发现过有超过3英尺长的(这种鱼)。

13. The recent discovery of an eel larva many times the size of the common

one may furnish a basis for stories of sea serpents. The mature eel has not

been discovered,but it could possibly come in sea serpent dimensions. 13、

最近“一条幼龄鳗鱼其尺寸是普通鳗鱼的很多倍”的发现，可能提供了“深海大毒蛇”故事

的依据。成熟的此类鳗鱼还没有被发现过，但是估计其尺寸很可能达到“深海大毒蛇”

的水平。

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14. One aspect of oceanography that has fallen into neglect is that of

identifying fish: taxonomy. It is considered dull work to catalogue fish. One

of the great taxonomists is J.L.B. Smith of South Africa,the discoverer of the

fabulous coelacanth. This brute was brought up by fishermen off East Africa

and aroused the curiosity of the curator of a provincial museum,who sent a sketch

of it to Smith. He instantly identified it as a coelacanth,a species believed

extinct for 60 million years. Somewhere in his recalled seeing the animal as

an empty fossil split from a rock. 14、海洋学的-个已经被忽视的领域是“对鱼进

行分类鉴别”：分类学。它被认为是一种将鱼进行分门别类的乏味的工作。南非的J、L、

B、Smith是世界上最好的分类学家之一，他是令人难以置信的腔棘鱼的发现者。这种

鱼被渔民在东部非洲捕上来，随即引起省立博物馆馆长的好奇心，他寄给了Smith先生

一份腔棘鱼的素描图。Smith先生立刻鉴别出它是腔棘鱼，一种被认为6000万年前已灭

绝的物种。在他的文档某处，Smith先生回忆道“这个动物看上去像一个从岩石上剥离

下来的化石”。

15. Almost everything we know or think we know-about the sea is open? at both

ends. The questions themselves may be wrong,and many of the answers are under

challenge. Take the theory of photosynthesis,which holds that the growth of

all vegetation,and consequently of animals,depends on the action of the sun

on carbon dioxide and water. 15、关于海洋，几乎我们知道的一切，或者我们认为

已经知道的一切问题，其实在两个方面都尚需考虑。这些问题本身可能就是错误的，

同时，很多问题的答案在面对置疑。拿“光合作用”理论来说，这个理论认为所有植物成

长、进而乃至动物，都依赖于太阳对二氧化碳和水的作用。

16. A French zoologist,Professor Brouardel,has preliminary evidence that

some marine animals of the abyss thrive in the blackness without any discernible

action of photosynthesis. It will take him years of the most painstaking

instrument building,campaigns at sea,and every conceivable cross-check to

establish the doubt. Only if these negative results are valid will he be able

to formulate the question: how do they live,if not by photosynthesis? Then the

study can begin. 16、一个法国动物学家Brouardel教授，获得了初步的证据，证明

某些深海海洋动物在漆黑的、没有任何可辨识的“光合作用”行为(的环境)下茁壮成长。

他将要花费多年时间，从事最艰苦的设备制造、海中活动、反复核对的工作，以确立

这个(对光合作用理论的)“置疑”。只有当这些否定的结论被确认时他才能开始阐述这个

问题：如果不是依赖“光合作用”，深海海洋动物怎样生存?之后，研究就会开始。

17. Unable to see the underwater world until recently,oceanographers have

relied on blind groping into the 'depths. They lowered

nets,dredges,bathythermographs,still cameras,water bottles,coring pipes,and

current meters. Today continuous recording instruments from a ship underway

are able to bring up data from a long strip of the sea. 17、直到今天仍然不

能看见这个水下世界，海洋学家必须依赖盲目地暗中摸索进入深海。他们沉降下去网、

挖掘机、深海温度测量器、静态照相机、水瓶、以及取心钻管和测流计。今天，在长

途海上航行中，船载连续记录设备能够获取数据。

18. Water itself is vital to the future of the race. Not too far in the

future,science will crack the water atom for nuclear energy,and,before

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then,power will be coming from harnessing tides and thermal exchanges under

water. 18、水本身就是人类未来的至关重要的因素。在不太远的将来，科学将为了核

能源而裂变水中的原子，在那之前，电力将来自水下潮汐绳索和水下热交换(技术)。

19. The sea is the realm of inner space. It is our last frontier.

19、海洋是(我们的)内部空间领域。它是我们最后的待开发疆域。

Unit Eight

Why Antarctica Is Being Explored 为什么要勘探南极洲

1. When the United States was born,the continent of Antarctica was as remote

as the moon-more so,in a way,because the moon was clearly visible and the very

existence of Antarctica was uncertain. But now that remote land area is so

attainable and so important that it has become the subject of an international

treaty which protects it from national rivalries yet leaves it open to all for

exploration and use. The pact arranging this is even being viewed as a model

applicable to the moon and other celestial bodies. 1、在美国诞生之时，对人

们来说南极洲就像月球一样遥远-从某种角度说，甚至更远，因为月亮清楚可见，而南

极大陆是否真实存在还无法确定。但是今天，这块遥远的陆地已变得如此触之可及并

且如此重要，以致它已受到一个国际公约的保护，使其免于成为国家间竞相抢夺的对

象，而是对所有国家开放，供大家共同开发和利用。这个公约甚至被视为一个范本，

适用于月球和其他天体的开发。

2. Yet many people,thinking of the distant continent only as a

bleak,rocky,cold and inhospitable land mass,may wonder: Why all the fuss? Why

protect something so unpromising? 2、至今仍有很多人认为这块遥远的大陆仅仅是

一大片荒凉、寒冷、岩石林立、根本无法居住的土地。他们可能很奇怪：为什么如此

小题大做?为什么要保护这样一块毫无前途的土地?

3. The answer lies in a number of factors,not the least of which is isolation

itself. Antarctica is a very large area of the earth's surface,but-until recent

years-was the least studied. More knowledge of it is important for all mankind.

3、这些问题的答案由许多因素所决定，并不仅仅是这块大陆本身与世隔绝这么简单。

南极洲是地球表面上一块巨大的土地，但是，直到近年，人类的研究都很少涉及于此。

更多地了解南极洲对全人类来说都非常重要。

4. A look at a globe is perhaps the best way to appreciate the significance

of this peculiar continent. The globe shows that the entire southern hemisphere

is preponderantly water-the widest parts of the Atlantic and Pacific,the

unbroken sweep of Antarctic seas circling the world. Although much of South

America,parts of Africa and all of Australia lie south of the equator,most of

the world's land lies north of the line. 4、仔细观察地球仪也许能帮助我们了

解这个神奇大陆的重要性。地球仪显示，水在整个南半球占绝对优势-包括大西洋和太

平洋最广阔的部分以及环抱地球的南极海洋。尽管绝大部分南美洲、部分非洲以及整

个澳洲位于赤道以南，但地球上的大部分陆地还是分布在赤道以北。

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5. Antarctica stood in splendid-even awesome-isolation from the rest of the

world for countless years. Its forbidding climate and wild seas prevented the

migration and development of land animals such as the Arctic regions know. On

the continent itself are a few insects,some lichens and mosses,but nothing else

that is land supported. However,there are amphibious penguins and seals and

a rich marine life,ranging from the minute organisms called plankton to the

biggest creature the world has ever known,the blue whale. 5、南极洲的壮丽引

人敬畏，在无数的岁月里，它就这样孤独傲立于世界。和人们已熟知的北极区域一样，

它那令人难以亲近的气候和狂野的海浪使得陆地动物无法迁移至此和繁衍。依附于南

极洲陆地生存的只有很少的一些昆虫、地衣和苔藓。然而，这里却有着两栖的企鹅和

海豹以及丰富的海洋生命-包括从被称为浮游生物的微小生物，直到迄今所知世界上最

大的动物蓝鲸。、6. The Antarctica treaty applies to all areas (the high seas

excepted) below latitude 60 degrees south. This line,running around the globe

some 2,000 miles from the South Pole itself,just misses the lower tip of South

America,and is well below the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand. There are a

number of small islands between this line and the Antarctic continent,but the

waters here are known to mariners as "the screaming Sixties" because there is

so little obstruction to the world-circling winds.

6、《南极洲公约》适用于除公海以外位于南纬60度以南的所有区域。南纬60度线距

南极点大约2000英里，它环绕地球，刚好错过南美洲的最南端，远在好望角和新西兰

之南。该线和南极洲之间分布着一些小岛，但是，这里的海域被水手们称为“狂啸的60

度”，因为这里障碍物很少，阻挡不了“世界环风”。

7. In contrast,in the northern hemisphere,the lands lying above the sixtieth

parallel of latitude include much of Scandinavia,Siberia and Alaska,all of

Greenland and Iceland,with a total population of several million. Great

mountains help subdue the winds; a spur of the Gulf Stream and part of the Japan

Current temper the frigid airs of this polar region. This,and the presence of

the Arctic Ocean in the center of the great land mass,give the area a markedly

different conformation and climate from that around the opposite pole. 7、

与之相对的北半球，北纬60度平行线以北区域，包括斯堪的纳维亚半岛、西伯利亚和

阿拉斯加的大部分地区，以及格陵兰岛和冰岛的全部，人口总数几百万。高山阻碍了

风的前进；墨西哥湾流和部分日本洋流使这里的极地寒冷空气有所缓和；再加上北冰

洋又处在大块陆地的中央。这一切使得这块区域相对于地球另一端来说，在构架和气

候方面存在显著的不同。

8. Antarctica seems a vast basin of rock,filled and overflowing with a load

of ice. In the heart of the continent it is almost as high as the summits of

the Alps,yet soundings show that in places that rock floor is below sea level.

8、南极洲看似一个巨大的石盆，被冰所覆盖。大陆的中心几乎与阿尔卑斯山等高，然

而，超声探测显示，岩石底部的许多地点都低于海平面。

9. Actually,the ice accumulation is less than it was perhaps 1,000 years ago.

Its seaward flow is not so voluminous as it once was,and as a result there are

patches of bare rock here and there along the coast and inland. They were scoured

clear of soil ages ago,but one may sometimes find moss or lichens growing,though

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virtually no flowering plants. 9、事实上，与1000年前相比，这些冰的堆积物减

少了许多，尤其是朝向大海的一面已经不像以前那么多了，在海岸边和陆地上留下一

片片裸露的岩石。很多年前这里的土壤已经被冲刷干净，实际上已找不到开花植物的

踪影，但有时还能发现地衣和苔藓。

10. In all this barrenness and cold,what is there of value? First,Antarctica

is bound to have mineral resources comparable to those of other great continents.

Coal-much of it of poor quality-has been found at many points along the 2,000

mile mountain system known as the Great Antarctica Horst. A writer has found

a small deposit of manganese ore and rock specimens flecked with uranium or

stained green by copper. These finds are important only as indications that

further exploration would be worthwhile,and such a systematic effort has begun

under SCAR (the Special Committee on Antarctic Research). This group is an

outgrowth of the International Geophysical Year (I.G.Y.); but its program has

broadened from geophysics to include mapping and biology. 10、这样一个空旷

寒冷的地方，到底有什么价值?首先，南极洲的地下一定有能与其它几个主要大陆相媲

美的矿产资源。在被称为南极大地垒的山脉附近，沿线2000英里范围内已有多处找到

了煤，尽管大多数质量很差。一名作家还发现了一个不大的锰矿堆积体和一些粘染有

铀痕迹或者带着铜绿斑痕的矿石标本。这些发现的重要性在于它表明在这一地区进行

深入的勘探是很有价值的，并且在“南极洲研究特别委员会(SCAR)”的指导下，系统的工

作已经开始了。这个组织是国际地球物理学年会(LGY)的一个派生机构，但是它的项目

已经从地球物理学拓展到地图测绘和生物学。

11. There are other possible economic values. Several intercontinental air

routes lie across portions of Antarctica. Strange antibiotics have been found

in the drifting plants of the Antarctic seas; the Russians are reported to be

carrying in live herring to be dumped overboard in an attempt at sea "farming."

11、除此之外还有其他的经济价值。有数条洲际航线经过南极上空；在南极海洋的浮

游植物里已发现了一些前所未知的抗生素；据报道，俄国人要将鲱鱼苗倒进海洋，尝

试在南极“放养”。

12. But for the immediate future the great value of Antarctica may lie in

other lines of research-from the common cold to problems of outer space. The

former is under scrutiny at a biological laboratory at McMurdo Sound,where clues

to certain viruses are being sought in the study of epidemics among the utterly

isolated members of scientific parties. 12、但是，就近期看来，南极洲的重要

价值却存在于其他的研究领域：从普通的感冒到外层空间的问题。对于感冒的研究已

经在位于麦克默多湾(McMurdo Sound)的生物学实验室里紧锣密鼓地进行，一群完全与

外界隔绝的科学组织的人员正从流行病学的角度寻找一些特殊的病毒。

13. Investigations of the weather's origins and patterns are being pressed.

There is no question that Antarctica plays an important role in the weather

that affects the destinies of those living south of the equator; some believe

its effects are felt in the north as well. 13、对于气候的形成和模式的研究也

正在加速进行。毫无疑问，在气候方面南极洲扮演着一个重要的角色，与生活在赤道

以南的人们息息相关；甚至有人认为它的影响也同样波及到了北半球。

14. As to space research,there is no place on earth better suited than the

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South Pole for certain kinds of observation. Here is a firmly fixed point,in

contrast to the drifting floes that cover the North Pole; from it all directions

are north,and during the six months of darkness the stars circle around a point

directly overhead. The United States established an observatory there in 1957

for the I.G.Y. and has maintained it ever since. 14、在空间研究方面，南极是

地球上最适宜的进行观察的地方。与北极上；覆盖的漂流浮冰相比，这里是一个稳定

的点。这里所有的方向都是北，在长达六个月的黑夜中，星星围绕的中心点就在头顶。

1957年，美国为国际地球物理学年会在此处建立了一个观测站，并且一直维持至今。

15. Now it is an ideal space tracking station. Any vehicle on a mission in

the southern half of the heavens remains continuously "visible" to an antenna

at the pole. Such a station is also able to play a unique role in interrogating

earth satellites in orbit over both poles. 15、现在，这里是最理想的空间跟踪

站。在南半球的太空中执行任务的所有飞行器都可被极点上的天线持续追踪。同时，

这个观测站还在监视两极轨道上的地球卫星方面发挥不可替代的作用。

16. Such satellites-maintaining their steady sweeps as the earth revolves

beneath them-cover all parts of the globe and hence are ideal for weather

observation,communications and other tasks. The South Pole would be the check

point on each circuit,snatching the data from space,processing them in

computers within seconds and relaying them to the rest of the world. 16、这

些卫星处在平稳旋转的地球上空，几乎可以对全球的所有地区进行稳定的扫描，因此

能很好地完成气象观察、通讯以及其它任务。南极点将成为这些卫星环球轨迹的检查

站，从太空采集数据、通过电脑在几秒钟之内处理数据，并传送到世界各地。

17. On all these counts,the scientists justify their voyages to Antarctica

and the vast sums needed. But essentially their argument is a simple one. The

great continent to the south is still largely unknown. In the quest for

fundamental knowledge,which is the heart and soul so all science,it cannot be

ignored.

17、综上所述，科学家们认为应当进行南极勘探，同时需要大量的资金。但是，他

们最根本的论据很简单：南方的这块大陆在很大程度上仍是个迷。为了探索基础知识-

而探索基础知识也正是科学的核心和灵魂所在-这个地区不容忽视。

Unit Nine

产品说明书的翻译

（一）词汇特征

1.词汇的相对固定性和专业性

2.过程的名物化

（二）句法特征

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产品说明书的主要句型

+形容词(过去分词)+ 目的状语--------在说明书的开头,解释产品

2.情态动词should, shall, can, may +be +介词短语--------用于说明特征,

状态,和范围等

3.过去分词+名词---------维修,操作程序有关技术要求

+形容词(过去分词)+ 目的状语--------在说明书的开头,解释产品

新型机器必须是结构紧凑的。

The new type of machine should be of simple and compact

construction.

这些配线必须完好无损，中心导体不得裸露。

The wiring should be in good condition and core flex should not be

exposed.

2.情态动词should, shall, can, may +be +介词短语--------用于说明特征,

状态,和范围等

高端支架须安装不锈钢解除取保候审，并须能支持合并重量的泵和马达。

The top end bracket(支架） shall be fitted with a stainless（不锈钢） steel

lifting bail（保释） and shall be capable of supporting the combined

weight of the pump and motor.

3.过去分词+名词---------用于说明维修或操作程序及说明有关技术要求。以好

施集团的产品说明为例：

All cable shall be type SEOW-A or better and U.L. listed for intended

submersible service.

所有电缆都应该是SEOW-A类以上的标准的电缆，并通过美国U.L.认证可用于

潜水系统。

The top end bracket shall be fitted with a stainless steel lifting bail and

shall be capable of supporting the combined weight of the pump and

motor.

顶部尾轴承架应该配置不锈钢吊环，应该能够支撑泵和电机的总重量的压力。

该产品

具有使用

安全、耐候、耐磨，机械强度高、线路损耗小等

特点

，广泛地应

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用于城市和林区电网改造，能大大提高电网的安全可靠性。产品执行标准为

GB12527-90和GB14049-93.

This kind of products possess such characteristics as safe-use,

weather-resistance, abrasion-resistance, high mechanical intensity,

low line loss, etc. They are used broadly in power network

reconstruction of cities and forest zones. And they can enhance the

safety and reliability of the power network. The executing standards

are GB12527-90 and GB14049-93.

该产品具有使用安全、耐候、耐磨，机械强度高、线路损耗小等特点，广泛地应

用于城市和林业电网改造，能大大提高电网的安全可靠性。

This kind of products possesses such characteristics as safe-use,

weather-resistance, abrasion-resistance, high mechanical intensity,

low line loss, etc. They are used broadly in power network

reconstruction of cities and forest zones. And they can enhance the

safety and reliability of the power network.

常用句型有：

…is ...is

...is ...is suitable to be

...is ...is

...is ...may be

Hygienic clean kitchen is suitable for white cloth, plastic, wooden,

porcelain or glasswares.

厨房清洁液适用于白布，塑胶品，木制品，瓷器及玻璃用品。

Washing machine is used for removal of blood stains and bleaching.

洗衣机可以用来漂洗斑渍和漂白。

电机结构应该具有防爆保护。

The motor construction shall be of explosion proof.

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本公司 产品特色是简单、速效、安全、彻底、低刺激、低过敏。免去吃药、打

针、手术的烦恼。本公司产品全部是局部外用产品，不会对全身血液循环产生影

响。不会发生与其他药物相互作用问题。因此对已经使用和即将使用的各种药物

及治疗手段不会产生影响也不妨碍其它药物及治疗手段同时进行。

本公司 产品特色是简单、速效、安全、彻底、低刺激、低过敏。Our company’s

products are simple and safety, of low- incitement and low-allergy,

and they work quickly and thoroughly.

免去吃药、打针、手术的烦恼。Taking medicines, getting injections, or

receiving the surgery can all be avoided.

本公司产品全部是局部外用产品，不会对全身血液循环产生影响。All of our

company’s products are used partial outsides. They will not bring

about any bad influence on the whole body blood circulation.

不会发生与其他药物相互作用问题。It will not interfere the effectiveness of

other drugs.

因此对已经使用和即将使用的各种药物及治疗手段不会产生影响也不妨碍其它

药物及治疗手段同时进行。 Therefore, it will not have an impact to

those various medicines that have already used or will soon be used,

as well as the treatment methods. Either will it prevent other drugs

and treatment at the same time.

本品是一种温和的乳液,能够放松眼睑并滋润您的眼睛.化妆棉吸收适量乳液后

敷于眼睛上5分钟.本品是极温和的MATIS配方,通过皮肤健康测试.

A gentle lotion(化妆水) to relax the eyelids and refresh your eyes.

Soak cotton wool pads and apply to the eyes for 5 minutes. Exclusive

MATIS high tolerance formula. Tested under dermatological control.

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