2018年考研英语一真题及答案

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

thebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand

markA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

nehand,it'sanecessarycondition1many

worthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,therhand,puttingyour2,

inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.

4,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplacetheir

trustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat

6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7

istshavefoundthatexposure8thishormoneputsusin

atrusting9:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesof

halfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsof

moneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse.

11forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.A

Canadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13a

oddlerswereeach14toanadult

terwouldask,“What’sinhere?”before

lookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,“Wow!”Eachsubjectwasthen

themfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thecontainer

wasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them.

Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperate

withthetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.

19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedina

follo-upactivity.

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SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing

A,B,uranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygo

unmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhentherobotscome

fortheirjobs?

Don'eathighriskofbeing

automated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclass

-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredon't

ymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,

softwareengineering—havearousedtheirinterest,hownthe

robots,sotheywillbefine.

Thisisn'stspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefited

ustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellforLudditeswhose

jobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandards

se,automationshouldeventually

boostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfrom

hard,hemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotof

helpadjusting.

Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecond

MachineAge,ulums—from

grammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmore

onalschoolsshoulddoabetterjob

offosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.

dmakeextratrainingand

sionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodoso

withoutgoingintodebt.

veits

fadingbusinessdynamism:ious

erasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionby

tusesof3Dprintersand

virtualrealityhaven'henewcompaniesthatwill

inventthem.

Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeand

laborincome,nlow-wage

laborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshould

beexpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjob

creation,andreduceinequality.

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Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yet

thiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedby

automation.

iciesto

helpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.

Text2

AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericans

disapproveofPresidentTrump’licationisthatMillennials

prefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource,Nota

president’ssocialmediaplatform.

istrusthas

risentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.

the2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarter

ofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwas

fakenews,rveyconductedfor

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BuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfrom

themediagiant.

Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparating

tFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoung

peoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories.

Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especially

thosethatareopenaboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealof

personalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposing

viewpoints,”thesurveyconcluded.

Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,

Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthat

youngpeople’srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.

Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyand

immediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheir

rcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassing

ybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenby

Americansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror,”moresothanmade-up

thirdsaytheproblemoffakenews

liesin“misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews”r

words,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue.“This

indicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem,”says

RoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.

Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamental

disciplineinthinkingskills–andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.

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Text3

Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain'sNational

HealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsides

ndisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)companiesin

entialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcould

ainstthat

backgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedher

damningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhanded

overtoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2015onthebasisofavague

agreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients'rightsandtheir

expectationsofprivacy.

r

arrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbe

carefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedof

relessonsaboutinformed

vacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhe

amchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,since

underexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely“processed"

thisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthemere

possessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.

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Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlives

ylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfrom

ssesthewaythesurveillanceeconomy

aofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwith

thedataofcountlessmillionsmore.

Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightly

tenoughtosaythat

tters

isthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublic

warepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdata

tillatthebeginningof

thisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequences

Denham'sreportisawelcomestart.

Text4

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