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2024年5月26日发(作者：免费web开发教学)

公共英语三级阅读题和答案

Students of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that

encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated

the mid-nineteenth-century American economic and social condition that affected

the status of women. These historians, however, have analyzed less fully the

development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period.

Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United State have been

obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas

and activities occurring within the United States, they failed to recognize that

feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe.

American feminist activists who have been described as “solitary” and

“individual theorists” were in reality connected to a movement — utopian

socialism — which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the

two decades that culminated in the first women’s rights conference held at

Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Thus, a complete understanding of the origins and

development of nineteenth-century feminism in the United States requires that

the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study

already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological

development of feminism.

The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the

Saint-Simonians. The specifically feminist part of Saint-Simonianism has, however,

been less studied than the group’s contribution to early socialism. This is

regrettable on two counts. By 1832 feminism was the central concern of

Saint-Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherents’ energy; hence, by

ignoring its feminism, European historians have misunderstood Saint-Simonianism.

Moreover, since many feminist ideas can be traced to saint-simonianism European

historians’ appreciation of later feminism in France and the United States

remained limited.

Saint-Simon’s followers, many of whom were women, based their feminism

on an interpretation of his project to reorganize the globe by replacing brute force

with the rule of spiritual powers. The new world order would be ruled together by

a male, to represent reflection, and a female, to represent sentiment. This

complementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the

belief that there were innate differences between men and women, they

nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes

in their utopia.

Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on

gender distinction. This minority believe that individuals of both sexes were born

similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to

socialization and education. The envisioned result of both currents of thought,

however, was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual

equality would reward men as well as women with an improved way of life.

1. It can be inferred that the author consider those historians who describe

early feminists in the United States as “solitary” to be


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