2016年托福阅读:城市气候

2016 年托福阅读：城市气候 Urban Climate

城市气候

P1: The city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and

has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of

various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air

pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some

way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this

energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the

production of heat.

extraordinary adj. 非凡的

metabolism n. 新陈代谢

enormous adj. 巨大的

aspect n. 方面

atmosphere n. 大气层

A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is

matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy,

and materials[that have been transformed in some way].

每天水、食物和各种各样的能量的输入与相应的输出的废水、废气、固体

垃圾、废能和[某种程度上已经变形的]材料的量得以匹配。

P2: In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass

the amount of heat available from the Sun. All the heat that warms a

building eventually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that

is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. But an automobile

produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter, and if a

house were perfectly insulated, one adult could also produce more

than enough heat to warm it. Therefore, even without any industrial

production of heat, an urban area tends to be warmer than the

countryside that surrounds it.

surpass v. 超过，优于

warm v. 加热

insulate v. 使隔热，使绝缘

All the heat [that warms a building] eventually transfers to the

surrounding air, a process [that is quickest] [where houses are

poorly insulated].

所有[用来供暖的]热量最后都扩散至周围的空气中，这个过程在[那些隔热

效果差的房屋里][进行得最快]。

P3: The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source

of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher

overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the

materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by

concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be

conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night.

But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat

capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily

flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant

heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by

a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical

surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the

cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave

radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily

than outgoing long wave radiation does ; the latter is absorbed by the

gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban

surface.

contribute to 促成

capacity n. 容量，能力

constitute v. 构成，设立

dominate v. 支配，控制

prevent…from 阻止做

Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution

dome more easily than outgoing long wave radiation does ; the latter

is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back

to the urban surface.

来自太阳的短波辐射比长波辐射要更容易穿过污染层;后者被这层物质中的

气体污染物所吸收，然后重新辐射到城市的表层。

高难度句子和词汇都看懂后，我们再将文章完整地读一遍，看看会不会有

不同的体验~

The city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has

its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of

various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air

pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some

way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this

energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the

production of heat.

The city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has

its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of

various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air

pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some

way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this

energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the

production of heat.

The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of

this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher

overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the

materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by

concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be

conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night.

But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat

capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily

flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant

heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by

a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical

surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the

cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave

radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily

than outgoing long wave radiation does ; the latter is absorbed by the

gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban

surface.

你读懂了吗?

测试篇

P1 城市气候基本情况介绍：

城市是一个_____和_____的巨大处理器，拥有自己的_____。

P2 城市的产热情况：

冬天城市所产生的热量可以达到或超过_____。

P3 造成城市热量集中的因素：

两个主要因素造成城市热量集中，

1

_________________________________________

2

_________________________________________

Answers

P1: Mass,Energy, metabolism

P2: the amount of heat available from the Sun

P3: the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city,

radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two

ways……