★RStudio学习手册(中文翻译)

控制台中的工作

概述

The RStudio console includes a variety of features intended to make working with R more productive and

straightforward. This article reviews these features. Learning to use these features along with the related features

available in the Source and History panes can have a substantial payoff in your overall productivity with R.

RStudio控制台包含许多使R工作更为有效和直观的特征。本文综述这些特征。学习

使用这些特征以及

Source

和

History

窗口中可用的相关特征可以对你使用R的效率有实际性的

帮助。

代码补全

RStudio supports the automatic completion of code using the key. For example, if you have an object named

and RStudio will automatically complete

pollResults

in your workspace you can type

poll

and then

the full name of the object.

RStudio支持使用键来自动补全代码。例如，如果你在工作空间中有名为

键，RStudio将自动完成该对象的全名。

pollResults

的对象，你可输入

poll

然后按

The code completion feature also provides inline help for functions whenever possible. For example, if you typed

sub

then pressed you would see:

代码补全特征同样提供了尽可能的嵌入式帮助。例如，如果你可输入

sub

然后按

键，你将看到：

Code completion also works for function arguments, so if you typed

subset(

and then pressed

the following:

you'd see

代码补全还可以对参数功能进行工作，如果你可输入

subset(

然后按

到：

键，你将看

检索以前命令

As you work with R you'll often want to re-execute a command which you previously entered. As with the standard

R console, the RStudio console supports the ability to recall previous commands using the arrow keys:

当你使用R进行工作，你将经常可输入重新执行你之前输入的命令。与标准的R控制

台一样，RStudio控制台支持使用以下方向键回忆之前命令的功能：









— Recall previous command(s)

— Reverse of Up

—

回忆前一条命令；

—

回相反；

If you wish to review a list of your recent commands and then select a command from this list you can use

to review the list (note that on the Mac you can also use ):

如果你希望回顾你当前的命令列表并从中选择一条命令，则可使用来回顾命令列

表（注意：在Mac你还可使用）

You can also use this same keyboard shortcut to quickly search for commands that match a given prefix. For

example, to search for previous instances of the

plot

function simply type

plot

and then :

你还可以使用同样的快捷键来快速查找匹配给定前缀的命令。例如，查找前面出现过的

plot

函数，先输入

plot

然后

控制台标题栏

This screenshot illustrates a few additional capabilities provided by the Console title bar:

这个截屏阐明了控制台标题栏的一些额外功能。







Display of the current working directory.

The ability to interrupt R during a long computation.

Minimizing and maximizing the Console in relation to the Source pane (using the buttons at the top-right

or by double-clicking the title bar).



显示当前工作目录；



能够在一个长期的计算里中断R；



最小化和最大化

Console

和

Source

窗口（使用右上按钮或双击标题栏）

快捷键

Beyond the history and code-completion oriented keyboard shortcuts described above, there are a wide variety of

other shortcuts available. Some of the more useful shortcuts include:

除了上述的历史和代码补全快捷键外，还有很多其他快捷键可用，其中最为有用的快捷

键包括

















— Move focus to the Source Editor

— Move focus to the Console

— Clear the Console

— Interrupt R

—

移动焦点到

Source

编辑器。

—

移动焦点到

Console

。

—

清理控制台；

—

中断R

You can find a list of all shortcuts in the Keyboard Shortcuts article.

你可从

Keyboard Shortcuts

文中找到所有快捷键列表。

相关主题





Editing and Executing Code

编辑和执行代码

Using Command History

使用命令历史

编辑执行代码

概述

RStudio's source editor includes a variety of productivity enhancing features including syntax highlighting, code

completion, multiple-file editing, and find/replace.

RStudio的souce编辑器包含各种提高效率的特征，包括语法高亮显示，代码自动补

全，多文件编辑以及查找和替换。

RStudio also enables you to flexibly execute R code directly from the source editor. For many R developers this

represents their preferred way of working with R. By executing commands from within the source editor rather than

the console it is much easier to reproduce sequences of commands as well as package them for re-use as a function.

These features are described in the Executing Code section below.

RStudio还可以使你直接通过source编辑器灵活地执行R代码。对于许多R开发者来

说，这是他们使用R的首选方式。通过source编辑器执行命令相对于控制台来说更便于复

制命令序列和将其做为再次使用的函数进行打包；这些特征将在后面的执行代码部分讲解。

文件管理

RStudio supports syntax highlighting and other specialized code-editing features for the following types of files:

Rstudio支持语法高亮显示和其他专业化的代码编辑功能，针对以下类型文件。







R scripts

R脚本文件

文件

Sweave documents

Sweave

TeX documents

Tex文件

menu:

你可通过

To create a new file you use the

菜单创建新文件。（你也

可使用快捷键）。

To open an existing file you use either the

opened files.

menu or the menu to select from recently

你可通过

快捷键）。

菜单或者菜单选择来打开已有文件。（你也可使用

If you open several files within RStudio they are all available as tabs to facilitate quick switching between open

documents. If you have a large number of open documents you can also navigate between them using the

on the tab bar or the ) menu item:

icon

如果你通过RStudio打开许多文件，那么他们都可以通过标签进行快速切换。如果你

有大量的打开文件，你也可在它们间通过标签栏中的

菜单项（你也可使用快捷键）。

图标来进行导航，或者

代码补全

RStudio supports the automatic completion of code using the key. For example, if you have an object named

and RStudio will automatically complete

pollResults

in your workspace you can type

poll

and then

the full name of the object.

RStudio可以使用Tab键来支持代码自动补全，例如，如果你在工作空间中有名为

pollResults的对象，你可输入poll然后按键，RStudio将自动完成该对象的全名。

Code completion also works in the console, and more details on using it can be found the console Code Completion

documentation.

代码补全同样在控制台中工作，具体用法可间控制台代码自动完成

Code Completion

文档

。

查找和替换

RStudio supports finding and replacing text within source documents:

Rstudio支持在

source

文件中查找

和替换。

Find and replace can be opened using the shortcut key, or from the menu item.

可使用快捷键来打开查找和替换栏，或者使用菜单项。

提取函数

RStudio can analyze a selection of code from within the source editor and automatically convert it into a re-usable

function. Any "free" variables within the selection (objects that are referenced but not created within the selection)

are converted into function arguments:

RStudio可以在source编辑器中分析一组选择的代码，并自动将其转化成再次使用的

函数。任何选择中的

"free"

变量（选择引用对象但不创建）将转化为函数参数。（你也可使用

快捷键）。

注释取消注释

You can comment and uncomment entire selections of code using the

item (you can also do this using the keyboard shortcut):

menu

你可使用使用

消注释（你也可使用

菜单项来对所选的整个代码进行注释或取

快捷键）。

首行缩进

As you write R code in RStudio it is automatically indented according to the current indentation options (see

Customizing RStudio). R code is also re-indented:

如果你在RStudio中写R代码，他将自动根据当前的缩进选项（见

Customizing RStudio

）

进行缩进。R代码也可再缩进。

1.

2.

Whenever new code is pasted into a source document.

When the Reindent Lines command (pictured above) is invoked.

当新代码黏贴到一个source文件中；

当缩进行命令（上图）被调用

Note that RStudio automatic indentation is R syntax-aware and is therefore only used on source files containing R

code.

注意：RStudio自动缩进针对的是R语法意识，因此，只有在包含R代码的source文

件中使用

执行代码

RStudio supports the direct execution of code from within the source editor (the executed commands are inserted

into the console where their output also appears).

RStudio支持从source编辑器中直接执行代码（执行代码将插入控制台，并在此输

出结果），

执行一行代码

To execute the line of source code where the cursor currently resides you press the

toolbar button):

key (or use the

你可通过键来执行当前光标所在行的source代码（或者使用工具条按钮）

After executing the line of code, RStudio automatically advances the cursor to the next line. This enables you to

single-step through a sequence of lines.

执行完一行代码，RStudio自动将光标跳到下一行，这将使你可以在一系列行中单步执

行代码。

执行多行代码

There are three ways to execute multiple lines from within the editor:

有三种方法从编辑器中执行多行代码。





Select the lines and press the key (or use the toolbar button); or

command (or its associated toolbar After executing a selection of code, use the

button) to run the same selection again. Note that changes to the selection including additional, removal,

and modification of lines will be reflected in this subsequent run of the selection.





To run the entire document press the key (or use the toolbar button).

选择这些行，按键（或者使用工具条按钮）



执行选择的代码后，使用

行中。（或者使用快捷键）

键（或使用

命令（或相应的工具栏按钮）再次运

行相同的选择。注意：现在发生变化，包括增增加、删除和修改行将反映到后续运



运行整个文件按工具条按钮）

The difference between running lines from a selection and invoking

are inserted directly into the console whereas for

is that when running a selection all lines

the file is saved to a temporary location and then sourced

into the console from there (thereby creating less clutter in the console).

从选择的行进行运行和调用

台中，而对于

较少的杂乱）。

资源保存

的区别在于，当运行所选的所有行将直接插入到控制

文件则保存到临时位置然后从那里反映到控制台（因此在控制台中产生

When editing re-usable functions (as opposed to freestanding lines of R) you may wish to set the

option for the document (available on the toolbar next to the Save icon). Enabling this option will cause the file to

automatically be sourced into the global environment every time it is saved.

当编辑一个再次调用函数（相对于独立的R行而言），你可能希望对文件设置

选项（通过工具条中

Save

图标的后一项实现）。启用该选项导致文件每次保存都将被全

球自动采用。

Setting ensures that the copy of a function within the global environment is always in sync with its

source, and also provides a good way to arrange for frequent syntax checking as you develop a function.

设置选项确保该函数的版本在全球环境总是能够资源同步，并且也

能在你开发一个函数是提供一种好的方式安排频繁的语法检查。

快捷键

Beyond the keyboard shortcuts described above, there are a wide variety of other shortcuts available. Some of the

more useful ones include:

除了上述的快捷键外，还有很多其他快捷键可用，其中最为有用的快捷键包括。











— New document

新文档

— Open document

打开文档

— Save active document

保存活动文档

— Move focus to the Source Editor

移动焦点到

Source

编辑器

— Move focus to the Console

移动焦点到控制台

You can find a list of all shortcuts in the Keyboard Shortcuts article.

相关主题









Working in the Console

在控制台中工作

Using Command History

使用历史命令

Navigating Code

代码导航

Code Folding and Sections

代码折叠和截取

代码折叠和截取

代码折叠

RStudio supports both automatic and user-defined folding for regions of code. Code folding allows you to

easily show and hide blocks of code to make it easier to navigate your source file and focus on the coding

task at hand. For example, in the following source file the body of the

has been folded:

RStudio支持自动和使用者定义的地区代码折叠。代码折叠允许你很方便地显示和隐藏

代码块，这将使你的source文件导航更简易，并可以将中重点放在手头的代码任务上。例

如，在下面的source文件中

部分已经被折叠。

You can expand the folded region by either clicking on the arrow in the gutter or on the icon that overlays

the folded code.

你可展开折叠部分，通过点击箭头槽或者覆盖折叠代码的图标。

折叠区域

The following types of code regions are automatically foldable within RStudio:

RStudio中以下类型的代码区域将自动折叠：



Braced regions (function definitions, conditional blocks, etc.)



Code chunks within R Sweave or R Markdown documents



Code sections (see below for details)



支撑区域（函数定义、条件块等）



R Sweave的代码块或者是R的

Markdown

文件。



代码段（具体见后文）

In the following example you can see that the top-level code section, function body, and conditional blocks

are all foldable:

在以下案例中，即将看到顶级代码部分、函数体和条件块都被折叠。

You can also fold an arbitrary selection of code by using ().

你也可折叠任意选定的代码，通过，或者使用快捷键。

Folded regions are preserved while editing a document however when a file is closed and re-opened all

foldable regions are by default shown expanded.

折叠部分在编辑文件时将被保证，但是当文件关闭或者再次打开时，所有折叠部分将默

认展开显示。

代码段

Code sections allow you to break a larger source file into a set of discrete regions for easy navigation

between them. Code sections are automatically foldable—for example, the following source file has three

sections (one expanded and the other two folded):

代码段允许你将一个大型的source文件分解成一组独立的区域以方便再他们之间漫游。

代码段将自动折叠，例如，以下源文件有三个部分（一个展开而另两个折叠）。

To insert a new code section you can use the -> command. Alternatively, any comment

line which includes at least four trailing dashes (-), equal signs (=), or pound signs (#) automatically creates

a code section. For example, all of the following lines create code sections:

插入一个新的代码段你使用

->

命令。或者，任意注释行中包含至少四

个破折号（-），等号（=）或井号（#）将自动创建代码段。

# Section One ---------------------------------

# Section Two =================================

### Section Three #############################

Note that as illustrated above the line can start any number of pound signs (#) so long as it ends with

four or more -, =, or # characters.

注意：如前所述，可输入超过4个或更多的数量的#号，-，=等。

To navigate between code sections you can use the menu available at the bottom of the editor:

你可使用编辑器低端的菜单在代码段间漫游（或者使用快捷键）。

菜单命令和快捷键

The following menu commands and shortcuts are available for working with folded regions and code

sections:

以下菜单命令和快捷键可以对折叠区域和代码段进行操作：



-> :

— Alt+L

— Shift+Alt+L

— Alt+A

— Shift+Alt+A











:





— Ctrl+Shift+R (Cmd+Shift+R on the Mac)

— Shift+Alt+J

Note that the Collapse All command collapses all of the outermost foldable regions (rather than all of the

nested regions within the source file).

注意：

Collapse All

命令折叠所有外层可折叠区域（而不是源文件中的所有嵌套区域）



Navigating Code

导航代码



Editing and Executing Code

编辑和执行代码

导航代码

RStudio includes a number of features to enable rapid navigation through R source code. Learning these

features can be a major productivity enhancement and can also assist in gaining a better understanding of

source code written by others on your team or within external packages.

RStudio包括一些在R源代码中加速导航的功能。学习这些功能可以提高效率并帮助

更好地理解你的团队中其他人所写的源代码，或者是外部程序包中的源代码。

查找文件

Given a specific directory, Find in Files allows you to search every file for each occurrence of a

: given string. To display the Find in Files dialog box, go to the edit menu and select

给出一个特定目录，查找文件（Edit->Find in Files）允许你对每个出现的字符串递归

查找每一个文件。显示查找文件对话框，编辑菜单并选择查找文件：

You can further customize your search with regular expressions and filters for specific file types. Your

search results will display in the pane adjacent to the console. For each matching string, the following will be

displayed:

你可以进一步通过正式表达式和特定文件类型来自定义你的搜索。你的搜索结果将显示

在控制台的相邻窗口中。每一个匹配的字符串都将显示以下信息：



The file path

文件路径



The line number of each occurrence

每个出现的行号



The matching string (highlighted), in the context of the current line



当前行内容中匹配的字符串（高亮）

Double clicking the line, will open the file in the RStudio source editor. The keyboard shortcut for Find in

Files is

双击这一行，将在RStudio的source编辑器中打开该文件。查找文件的快捷键是

。

转到文件函数

If you know the name of the source file or function that you want to edit next you can quickly navigate to it

using the Go to File/Function search box on the main RStudio toolbar:

如果你知道源文件或函数的名字并想对其进行编辑，你可以使用

Go to File/Function

搜索框迅速导航。

RStudio工具条中的

The Go to File/Function feature works off a constantly updated index of your source code. The specific

source files to index are determined as follows:

Go to File/Function

功能就不断更新索引你的源代码。专业源文件的索引将决定于：

1. If an RStudio Project is active then all R source files within the project directory are indexed.

2. If a Project is not active then all currently open R source files are indexed.

o Project

是活动的，然后所有的R源文件在程序包列表中将被索引；

R源程序将被索引；

2.

如果一个

Project

不活动，那么所有当前打开的

The keyboard shortcut for Go to File/Function is Go to File/Function

的快捷键是

转到函数定义

Since an index of your R source code (as described above) is maintained, RStudio can also help you quickly

navigate to definition of any R function. To navigate a function definition you place your cursor on the

function name (it doesn't have to fully selected) and then choose the command:

当一个你的R源代码指数（如上所述）被维护，

RStudio

也可帮助你迅速对任何R函数

进行导航。你可将光标放在函数名称上（不需要完全选定）来导航函数定义，然后选择

命令：

You can also access go to function definition:

你也可这样去访问函数定义：



Using the keyboard shortcut

使用F2快捷键



Using with the mouse

使用Ctrl+Click鼠标点击



From either the source editor or the console

从source编辑器或控制台

It is possible to navigate to both your own functions (defined in R source files) as well as any other function

defined within an R package. For functions defined within packages the code is displayed in a special

pane which is read-only.

它同样能够导航你自己的函数（在R源文件中定义）和其他所有在R程序包中定义的

函数。程序包中定义的函数，其代码将显示在特定的

编辑，但可以复制粘贴出来使用。

窗口中，它仅能只读不能

源文件导航

There are several ways to navigate through the code within a source file:

有多种方式可以对源文件中的代码进行导航：



The go to function definition feature described above also works for functions within the current

source file (giving to functions defined within the calling scope).



The

file.

command (shortcut: ) can be used to go to any line in the current



You can also use the function menu (shown below) to quickly jump to functions by name.



上述的go to function definition功能同样可以对当前源文件的函数进行工作（在

调用范围中给出函数定义优先级。



命令（快捷键

)

）可用于转到当前文件的任意一行；



你也可使用函数命令（如下显示），通过名称迅速跳到函数。

Note that the function menu currently supports standard R functions however does not yet support S4

methods.

注意：当前函数菜单支持标准R函数，但是不支持S4方法。

向前与向后

When navigating through code (especially when navigating through a sequence of function calls) you often

want to quickly return to the previous editing location. RStudio maintains a list of active navigations and

allows you to traverse them using the

far left of the source editor toolbar).

and commands (available on the Edit menu and on the

当代码导航（特别是在一系列函数中导航），你经常要快速返回之前编辑的位置。

RStudio

维护有一个活动的导航列表，允许你使用Back和Forward命令（Edit菜单中或在source

编辑条的最左边）进行来回遍历。

and

Back

apply to the following navigation:

和Forward适用于以下导航方式：



Opening a document (or switching tabs)

打开一个文件（或切换标签）



Going to a function definition

转到函数定义



Jumping to a line

跳到一行



Jumping to a function using the function menu

使用函数菜单跳到一个函数

You can also invoke

keyboard shortcuts.

and using the Ctrl+F9/Ctrl+F10 (Cmd+F9/Cmd+F10 on the Mac)

你同样可以使用快捷键Ctrl+F9/Ctrl+F10 (Cmd+F9/Cmd+F10 on the Mac)来调用

Back和Forward：

Using Projects 使用项目

RStudio projects make it straightforward to divide your work into multiple

contexts, each with their own working directory, workspace, history, and

source documents.

RStudio项目直接让你的工作多语境，每一个自带工作目录、工作空间、历

史和源文件。

Creating Projects 创建项目

RStudio projects are associated with R working directories. You can create

an RStudio project:

RStudio项目与R工作目录相连，你可通过以下方式创建RStudio项目：









In a brand new directory

In an existing directory where you already have R code and data

By cloning a version control (Git or Subversion) repository

在全新的目录下；



在现有的你已存放有R代码和数据的目录下；



通过克隆一个版本控制（Git或Subversion）元数据库；

To create a new project use the New Project command (available on the

Projects menu and o

可使用创建New Project命令（在Projects菜单中）一个新项目。

Using Command History 使用命令历史

RStudio maintains a database of all commands which you have ever entered

into the Console. You can browse and search this database using the History

pane.

RStudio维护有所有你曾输入控制台的命令的数据库，你可使用历史窗口来

浏览和搜索这个数据库。

Browsing History 浏览历史

Commands you have previously entered in the RStudio console can be browsed

from the History tab. The commands are displayed in order (most recent

at the bottom) and grouped by block of time:

你之前输入RStudio控制台的命令可以通过历史标签进行浏览，这些命令将

按顺序显示出来（最近的命令在底部）并按时间分组。

Searching History 搜索历史

Executing a Search 执行一个搜索

You can use the search box at the top right of the history tab to search

for all instances of a previous command (e.g. plot). The search can be

further refined by adding additional words separated by spaces (e.g. the

name of particular dataset):

你可使用历史窗口右上角的搜索栏搜索之前命令的所有实例（例如plot）。搜

索可进一步根据添加的用空格隔开的单词来进行再次查找（例如一个特定的数据

集）。

（

Showing Command Context 显示命令上下文

After searching for a command within your history you may wish to view

the other commands that were executed in proximity to it. By clicking the

arrow in the right margin of the search results you can view the command

within its context:

在你的历史中搜索完一个命令后，你可能希望看到与之接近的其他命令。点

击搜索结果的右侧边缘的箭头，你将看到命令的上下文。

Using Commands 使用命令

Commands selected within the History pane can be used in two fashions

(corresponding to the two buttons on the left side of the History toolbar):

在历史窗口中所选的命令可以通过两种方式进行使用（对应历史工具栏左侧

的两个按钮）：



Send to Console— Sends the selected command(s) to the Console. Note that the

commands are inserted into the Console however they are not executed until you press

Enter.

To Console—

将所选命令发送到控制台。注意命令插入控制台后直到你按





Enter键才会执行。

Insert into Source— Inserts the selected command(s) into the currently active Source

document. If there isn't currently a Source document available then a new untitled one

will be created.

To Source—

将所选命令发送到当前活动的源文件。如果当前没有源文件则



将创建一个新的未命名的源文件。

Within the history list you can select a single command or multiple

commands:

历史列表中，你可选择单个命令或者多个命令（按住Ctrl键不连续多选或

按住Shift键选择连续的命令段）：

Related Topics 相关主题





Working in the Console 在控制台中工作

Editing and Executing Code 编辑和执行代码

Working Directories and Workspaces

工作目录和工作空间

The default behavior of R for the handling of .RData files and workspaces

encourages and facilitates a model of breaking work contexts into distinct

working directories. This article describes the various features of

RStudio which support this workflow.

R对所操作的.RData文件和工作空间的默认行为支持和推动将工作环境划

分为不同目录的模型。本文阐述RStudio支持这种工作流程的多种功能，

IMPORTANT NOTE: In version v0.95 of RStudio a new Projects feature was

introduced to make managing multiple working directories more

straightforward. The features described below still work however Projects

are now the recommended mechanism for dealing with multiple work contexts.

重要提示：在RStudio v0.95中，一个新的项目功能被引入进来以使得多个工作

目录的管理更直接。以下阐述的功能仍然工作，尽管项目作为推荐机制来处理多

个工作环境。

Default Working Directory 默认工作目录

As with the standard R GUI, RStudio employs the notion of a global default

working directory. Normally this is the user home directory (typically

referenced using ~ in R). When RStudio starts up it does the following:

与标准的R GUI一样，RStudio采用全局默认工作目录的概念。通常这是使

用者的主目录（通常参考R中使用~）。当RStudio开始他将如下操作：













Executes the .Rprofile (if any) from the default working directory.

Loads the .RData file (if any) from the default working directory into the workspace.

Performs the other actions described in R Startup.

运行默认工作目录下的.Rprofile；

装载默认工作目录下的.RData 文件到工作空间中；

执行其他活动描述在R Startup中

When RStudio exits and there are changes to the workspace, a prompt asks

whether these changes should be saved to the .RData file in the current

working directory.

当RStudio退出和工作空间发生变化，一个提示将问及是否保存这些改变到

当前工作目录的.RData文件中。

This default behavior can be customized in the following ways using the

RStudio Options dialog:

可使用RStudio Options对话框通过以下方式来自定义默认行为：













Change the default working directory

Enable/disable the loading of .RData from the default working directory at startup

Specify whether .RData is always saved, never saved, or prompted for save at exit.

改变默认工作目录；

启用/禁用开始时从默认工作目录中装载.RData；

指定.RData退出时是否总是保存、不保持或者提示保存。

Changing the Working Directory 修改工作目录

The current working directory is displayed by RStudio within the title

region of the Console. There are a number of ways to change the current

working directory:

当前的工作目录显示在RStudio控制台的标题区域。有多种方法可以改变当

前工作目录：













Use the

setwd

R function

Use the Tools | Change menu. This will also change directory location of

the Files pane.

From within the Files pane, use the More | Set As Working Directory menu. (Navigation

within the Files pane alone will not change the working directory.)

使用R函数setwd;

使用Tools | Change 菜单，他也将改变文件窗口的目录位置；

从文件窗口中使用More | Set As Working Directory菜单。（在文件窗口中导航将不改

变工作目录）

Be careful to consider the side effects of changing your working

directory:

考虑改变你的工作目录请小心，它有以下副作用：









Relative file references in your code (for datasets, source files, etc) will become invalid

when you change working directories.

The location where .RData is saved at exit will be changed to the new directory.

应用你代码中的相关文件（如数据集、源文件等）将无效，当你改变工作文件；

.RData退出时所保持的位置将改变到新目录中；

Because these side effects can cause confusion and errors, it's usually

best to start within the working directory associated with your project

and remain there for the duration of your session. The section below

describes how to set RStudio's initial working directory.

因为这些副作用可能导致迷失和错误，最好是通常从与你项目相连的工作目

录开始，并保持在那里进行你的操作。后文将阐述怎样设置RStudio的初始工作

目录。

Starting in Other Working Directories开始其他

工作目录

If all of the files related to a project are contained within a single

directory then you'll likely want to start RStudio within that directory.

There are a number of ways (which vary by platform) to do this.

如果所有的文件与一个包含在单个目录下的项目相关，那么你最好从那个目

录开始RStudio。有多种方式（平台不同将有所变化）来实现这个。

File Associations 文件关联

On all platforms RStudio registers itself as a handler for .RData, .R,

and other R related file types. This means that the system file browser's

context-menu will show RStudio as an Open With choice for these files.

RStudio的所有平台自己注册成一个处理程序如.RData，.R和其他R相关文

件类型。这意味着系统文件浏览器的上下文菜单将对在RStudio对这些文件进行

开放选择。

You can also optionally create a default association between RStudio and

the .RData and/or .R file types.

你也可以有选择地创建RStudio和.RData或.R文件的默认关联。

When launched through a file association, RStudio automatically sets the

working directory to the directory of the opened file. Note that RStudio

can also open files via associations when it is already running—in this

case RStudio simply opens the file and does not change the working

directory.

当开始通过了一个文件关联，RStudio将自动设置工作目录到打开文件的目

录。注意RStudio当它已经运行也可通过连接打开文件——在这种情况下，

RStudio仅打开文件，但不改变工作目录。

Shortcuts (Windows) 快捷键

On Windows, you can create a shortcut to RStudio and customize the "Start

in" field. When launched through this shortcut RStudio will startup within

the specified working directory.

在Windows中，你可创建一个RStudio快捷键来自定义“Start in”部分。

当启动这个RStudio快捷键，将通过特定工作目录来开始。

Drag and Drop (Mac)

On Mac, dragging and dropping a folder from the Finder on the RStudio Dock

icon will cause RStudio to startup with the dropped folder as the current

working directory.

Run from Terminal (Mac and Linux)

On Mac and Linux systems you can run RStudio from a terminal and specify

which working directory to startup within. Additionally, on Linux systems

if you run RStudio from a terminal and specify no command line argument

then RStudio will startup using the current working directory of the

terminal.

For example, on the Mac you could use the following commands to open

RStudio (respectively) in the '~/projects/foo' directory or the current

working directory:

$ open -a RStudio ~/projects/foo

$ open -a RStudio .

On Linux you would use the following commands (note that no '.' is

necessary in the second invocation):

$ rstudio ~/projects/foo

$ rstudio

Handling of .Rprofile

When starting RStudio in an alternate working directory the .Rprofile

file located within that directory is sourced. If (and only if) there is

not an .Rprofile file in the alternate directory then the global default

profile (e.g. ~/.Rprofile) is sourced instead.

Loading and Saving Workspaces 装载和保存工作空

间

If you want to save or load a workspace during an RStudio session you can

use the following commands to save to or load from the .RData file in the

current working directory:

如果你想在RStudio回话过程中保存或装载工作空间，你可使用一下命令从当

前工作目录下的.RData文件来进行保存和装载。

> ()

> load(".RData")

Note that the load function appends (and overwrites) objects within the

current workspace rather than replacing it entirely. Prior to loading you

may therefore wish to clear all objects currently within the workspace.

You can do so using the following command:

注意：load函数

> rm(list=ls())

Note that since loading is handled at startup and saving is handled at

exit, in many cases you won't require these commands. If however you change

working directories within a session you may need them in order to sync

your workspace with the directory you have chanaged to.

The RStudio Workspace menu also includes items that execute the above

described commands, as well as enables you to load or save specific .RData

files.

Handling of .Rhistory 处理.Rhistory

The .Rhistory file determines which commands are available by pressing

the up arrow key within the console. By default, RStudio handles

the .Rhistory file differently than the standard R console or GUI, however

can be configured to work the same was as those environments if you wish.

The conventional handling of .Rhistory files is as follows:





Load and save .Rhistory within the current working directory

Only save the .Rhistory file when the user chooses to save the .RData file

Whereas the default RStudio handling of .Rhistory files is:





Load and save a single global .Rhistory file (located in the default working directory)

Always save the .Rhistory file (even if the .RData file is not saved)

The RStudio defaults are intended to make sure that all commands entered

in previous sessions are available when you start a new RStudio session.

If you prefer the conventional R treatment of .Rhistory files you can

customize this behavior using the General panel of the Options dialog.

Customizing RStudio 自定义RStudio

Overview 概述

RStudio options are accessible from the Options dialog Tools : Options

menu and include the following categories:

RStudio可通过Tools : Options菜单的选项对话框来进行，包括以下类：















General R Options — Default CRAN mirror, initial working directory, workspace and

history behavior.

Source Code Editing — Enable/disable line numbers, selected word and line highlighting,

soft-wrapping for R files, paren matching, right margin display, and console syntax

highlighting; configure tab spacing; set default text encoding.

Apperance and Themes — Specify font size and visual theme for the console and source

editor.

Pane Layout — Locations of console, source editor, and tab panes; set which tabs are

included in each pane.

Sweave — Configure Sweave compiling options and PDF previewing.

Spelling — Choose main dictionary language and specify spell checking options.

Version Control — Configure locations of Git and Svn binaries and create and/or view

SSH RSA keys.

Details on the various settings are provided in the sections below.

General R Options 一般的R选项









Default working directory — Startup directory for RStudio (when not in a project). The

initial .RData and .Rprofile files (if any) will be read from this directory. The current

working directory and Files pane will also be set to this directory. Note that this setting

can be overridden when launching RStudio using a file association or a terminal with a

command line parameter indicating the initial working directory.

Save workspace to .RData on exit — Ask whether to save .RData on exit, always save it,

or never save it. Note that if the workspace is not dirty (no changes made) at the end of

a session then no prompt to save occurs even if Ask is specified.

Restore .RData into workspace at startup — Load the .RData file (if any) found in the

initial working directory into the R workspace (global environment) at startup. If you

have a very large .RData file then unchecking this option will improve startup time

considerably.

Always save history (even when not saving .RData) — Make sure that the .Rhistory file

is always saved with the commands from your session even if you choose not to save

the .RData file when exiting.







Remove duplicate entries in history — Prevent addition of commands to history if they

are the exact same as the most recently added command.

CRAN mirror — Set the CRAN mirror used for installing packages (can be overridden

using the repos argument to es).

Restore most recently opened project at startup — When opening RStudio

automatically re-open the most recently used project.

Source Code Editing 源代码编辑







Highlight selected word — Add a background highlight effect to all instances of the

currently selected word within the document.

Highlight selected line — Add a background highlight effect to the currently selected line

of code.

Show line numbers — Show or hide line numbers within the left margin.













Insert spaces for tab — Determine whether the tab key inserts multiple spaces rather

than a tab character (soft tabs). Configure the number of spaces per soft-tab.

Show margin — Display a margin guide on the right-hand side of the source editor at the

specified column.

Automatically insert matching parens/quotes — When typing a paren, quote, or brace

automatically insert a matching one and position the cursor between them.

Soft-wrap R source files — Wrap lines of R source code which exceed the width of the

editor onto the next line. Note that this does not insert a line-break at the point of

wrapping, it simply displays the code on multiple lines in the editor.

Show syntax highlighting in console input — Apply R syntax highlighting to the console

input line.

Default text encoding — Specify the default text encoding for source files. Note that

source files which don't match the default encoding can still be opened correctly using

the File : Reopen with Encoding menu command.

Appearance and Themes 外观和主题







Editor font — Customize the font for panes which display code (Console, Source, History,

and Workspace).

Font size — Set the font size (in points) for panes which display code (Console, Source,

History, and Workspace).

Editor theme — Specify the visual theme for the Console and Source panes. You can

preview the theme using the inline preview or by pressing the Apply button.

Pane Layout 窗体布局





Specify the location and tab sets of panes within RStudio.

Each of the 4 panes is always displayed (it isn't currently possible to hide a pane).

Sweave









Weave Rnw files using — Choose the default global option for weaving files with the

Compile PDF button. (See Weaving Rnw Files for additional documentation).

Typeset LaTeX into PDF using — Choose from a list of supported typesetting engines or

add a customized one (See additional help for Customizing LaTeX Options ).

Use texi2dvi to resolve cross-references — texi2dvi is utility program included in TeX

distributions which automatically runs (and re-runs) the LaTeX, bibtex, and makeindex

programs as necessary to correctly resolve all cross-references. You should only disable

this option if you have a specific reason not to use texi2dvi (such as a known bug you

need to work around). When this option is disabled RStudio will attempt to emulate the

behavior of texi2dvi by directly calling the LaTeX program, bibtex, and makeindex as

necessary to fully compile the PDF.

Clean auxiliary output after compile — Running the LaTeX program produces various

intermediate files (e.g. '', ''). Enabling this option causes these files

to be automatically removed after the compile. Note that log files ('' and

'') are also cleaned up, however they are preserved if errors occur during

compilation.



Enable shell escape commands — Enable execution of shell commands using

write18

by passing the

-shell-escape

option to the LaTeX program. This

option is disabled by default because allowing documents to execute embedded shell

commands may pose a security risk.

Insert numbered sections and subsections — Specifies that sections and sub-sections

inserted using the Format menu should include numbering (if this option is not enabled

then sections will be inserted as

section*

).

Preview PDF after compile using — Choose which application to view your PDF file with

after the compile is complete. (See additional help for PDF Preview ).

Always enable Rnw concordance — Automatically set the options required to emit

concordance information during Rnw weaving. Concordance provides a mapping

between line numbers in the Rnw file and the generated TeX file. This enables both

direct navigation to compilation errors within Rnw files and compatibility with Synctex

for PDF previewing.







Spelling 拼写









Main dictionary language — RStudio's default installation includes English dictionaries

for the US, UK, Canada, and Australia. In addition, dictionaries for 28 other languages can

be installed. For additional information on dictionaries, see the Spelling Dictionaries

documentation.

Custom dictionaries — You can also configure RStudio to use Hunspell custom

dictionaries that include additional terms commonly used within your field (for example,

the OpenMedSpel dictionary of medical terms). For additional information on

customizing dictionaries, see the Spelling Dictionaries documentation.

Ignore words in UPPERCASE — Ignore words in all UPPERCASE letters while spell

checking

Ignore words with numbers — Ignore words with numbers while spell checking

Version Control 版本控制







Git executable — Location of Git executable. By default RStudio locates the Git

executable in the system path. If you want to use a version of Git not on the path you can

specify it here.

SVN executable — Location of SVN executable. By default RStudio locates the SVN

executable in the system path. If you want to use a version of Git not on the path you can

specify it here.

SSH RSA Key — When using SSH with RSA public/private key authentication against a

remote Git or Subversion repository you need to generate an RSA key and then provide

the public key to the remote server. You can both create a new RSA key and view/copy its

public key within the Version Control options panel.

Keyboard Shortcuts 快捷键

Console 控制板

Description

Windows & Linux

Move cursor to Console

Ctrl+2

Clear console

Ctrl+L

Move cursor to beginning of

line

Home

Move cursor to end of line

End

Navigate command history

Up/Down

Popup command history

Ctrl+Up

Interrupt currently executing

command

Esc

Change working directory

Ctrl+Shift+K

Source 源文件

Description

Windows & Linux

Go to File/Function

Ctrl+.

Move cursor to Source Editor

Ctrl+1

New document (except on

Chrome/Windows)

Ctrl+Shift+N

Open document

Ctrl+O

Save active document

Ctrl+S

Close active document (except

on Chrome)

Ctrl+W

Close active document (Chrome

only)

Ctrl+Shift+L

Close all open documents

Ctrl+Shift+W

Mac

Ctrl+2

Command+L

Command+Left

Command+Right

Up/Down

Command+Up

Esc

Ctrl+Shift+K

Mac

Ctrl+.

Ctrl+1

Command+Shift+N

Command+O

Command+S

Command+W

Command+Shift+L

Command+Shift+W

Preview HTML

Ctrl+Shift+Y

Knit to HTML

Ctrl+Shift+H

Compile PDF (TeX and Sweave)

Ctrl+Shift+I

Insert chunk

Ctrl+Shift+<

Insert code section

Ctrl+Shift+R

Run current line/selection

Ctrl+Enter

Re-run previous region

Ctrl+Shift+P

Run current document

Ctrl+Alt+R

Run from document beginning

to current line

Ctrl+Alt+B

Run from current line to

document end

Ctrl+Alt+E

Run the current function

definition

Ctrl+Alt+F

Run the current chunk

Ctrl+Alt+C

Run the next chunk

Ctrl+Alt+N

Source a file

Ctrl+Shift+O

Source the current document

Ctrl+Shift+S

Source the current document

(with echo)

Ctrl+Shift+Enter

Fold selected

Alt+L

Unfold selected

Shift+Alt+L

Fold all

Alt+A

Unfold all

Shift+Alt+A

Go to line

Ctrl+G

Jump to

Shift+Alt+J

Switch to tab

Ctrl+Alt+Down

Previous tab

Win: Ctrl+Alt+Left,

Ctrl+PageUp

Next tab

Win: Ctrl+Alt+Right,

Ctrl+PageDown

Command+Shift+Y

Command+Shift+H

Command+Shift+I

Command+Shift+<

Command+Shift+R

Command+Enter

Command+Shift+P

Command+Option+R

Command+Option+B

Command+Option+E

Command+Option+F

Command+Option+C

Command+Option+N

Command+Shift+O

Command+Shift+S

Command+Shift+Enter

Option+L

Shift+Option+L

Option+A

Shift+Option+A

Command+G

Shift+Option+J

Ctrl+Option+Down

Linux:

Ctrl+Option+Left

Linux:

Ctrl+Option+Right

First tab

Ctrl+Shift+Alt+Left

Last tab

Ctrl+Shift+Alt+Right

Navigate back

Ctrl+F9

Navigate forward

Ctrl+F9

Reindent lines

Ctrl+I

Extract function from selection

Ctrl+Shift+U

Comment/uncomment current

line/selection

Ctrl+Shift+C

Reflow comment

Ctrl+Shift+/

Transpose Letters

Move Lines Up/Down

Alt+Up/Down

Copy Lines Up/Down

Ctrl+Alt+Up/Down

Find and Replace

Ctrl+F

Find in Files

Ctrl+Shift+F

Check spelling

F7

Editing (Console and Source) 编辑

Description

Windows & Linux

Undo

Ctrl+Z

Redo

Ctrl+Shift+Z

Cut

Ctrl+X

Copy

Ctrl+C

Paste

Ctrl+V

Select All

Ctrl+A

Jump to Word

Ctrl+Left/Right

Jump to Start/End

Ctrl+Home/End

Ctrl+Up/Down

Delete Line

Ctrl+D

Ctrl+Shift+Option+Left

Ctrl+Shift+Option+Right

Command+F9

Command+F9

Command+I

Command+Shift+U

Command+Shift+C

Command+Shift+/

Ctrl+T

Option+Up/Down

Command+Option+Up/Down

Command+F

Command+Shift+F

F7

Mac

Command+Z

Command+Shift+Z

Command+X

Command+C

Command+V

Command+A

Option+Left/Right

or Command+Home/End

Command+Up/Down

Command+D

or

Select

Select Word

Select to Line Start

Select to Line End

Select Page Up/Down

Shift+[Arrow]

Ctrl+Shift+Left/Right

Shift+Home

Shift+End

Shift+PageUp/PageDown

Ctrl+Shift+Home/End

Shift+[Arrow]

Option+Shift+Left/Right

Command+Shift+Left or Shift+Home

Command+Shift+Right or Shift+End

Shift+PageUp/Down

or

Select to Start/End

Shift+Alt+Up/Down

Delete Word Left

Ctrl+Backspace

Delete Word Right

Delete to Line End

Delete to Line Start

Indent

Tab (at beginning of line)

Outdent

Shift+Tab

Yank line up to cursor

Ctrl+U

Yank line after cursor

Ctrl+K

Insert currently yanked text

Ctrl+Y

Insert assignment operator

Alt+-

Show help for function at

cursor

F1

Show source code for function

at cursor

F2

Completions (Console and Source) 完成

Description

Windows & Linux

Attempt completion

Tab or Ctrl+Space

Navigate candidates

Up/Down

Accept selected candidate

Enter, Tab, or Right

Dismiss completion popup

Esc

Command+Shift+Up/Down

Option+Backspace

Ctrl+Option+Backspace

Option+Delete

Ctrl+K

Option+Backspace

Tab (at beginning of line)

Shift+Tab

Ctrl+U

Ctrl+K

Ctrl+Y

Option+-

F1

F2

Mac

Tab or Command+Space

Up/Down

Enter, Tab, or Right

Esc

or

Views 浏览

Description

Goto File/Function

Ctrl+.

Windows & Linux

Ctrl+.

Ctrl+1

Mac

Move cursor to Source Editor

Ctrl+1

Move cursor to Console

Show Workspace

Show History

Show Files

Show Plots

Show Packages

Show Help

Show Git/SVN

Sync Editor and PDF Preview

Plots 画图

Description

Previous plot

Next plot

Show manipulator

Git/SVN

Description

Diff active source document

Commit changes

Scroll diff view

Ctrl+2

Ctrl+3

Ctrl+4

Ctrl+5

Ctrl+6

Ctrl+7

Ctrl+8

Ctrl+9

Ctrl+F8

Windows & Linux

Ctrl+Shift+PageUp

Ctrl+Shift+PageDown

Ctrl+Shift+M

Windows & Linux

Ctrl+Shift+D

Ctrl+Shift+T

Ctrl+Up/Down

Ctrl+2

Ctrl+3

Ctrl+4

Ctrl+5

Ctrl+6

Ctrl+7

Ctrl+8

Ctrl+9

Command+F8

Mac

Command+Shift+PageUp

Command+Shift+PageDown

Command+Shift+M

Mac

Command+Shift+D

Command+Shift+T

Ctrl+Up/Down

Stage/Unstage (Git)

Spacebar

Spacebar

Enter

Stage/Unstage and move next

Enter

(Git)