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2024年4月12日发(作者：spyder运动品牌)
Chapter 1 Invitations to linguistics
1.1 What is language?
Language is a means of verbal communication. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal
symbols used for human communication.
1.2 What are the design features of language?
The features that refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from
any animal system of communication can be called design features.
1] Arbitrariness
The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. There are different
levels of arbitrariness.
2] Duality a
By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structure that units of the primary
level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own
principles of organization. We call sounds here primary units as opposed to such secondary units
as words, since the primary units are meaningless and the secondary units have distinct and
identifiable meaning.
3] Creativity
1
Creativity refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of
sentences in one’s native language. By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its
duality and its recursiveness.
4] Displacement
Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events
and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.
1.3 What are the functions of language?
1] Informative function
It is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar. Language serves
for the expression of content: that is, of the speaker’s experience of the real world, including the
inner world of his own consciousness.
2] Interpersonal function
By far the most important sociological use of language is the interpersonal function, by which
people establish and maintain their status in a society.
3] Performative function
The perfomative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons.
4] Emotive function
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