语言学与作文2012年真题回忆版

626语言学与作文2012年真题回忆版

Part one : linguistics

没有判断，其他题型都没有变，其中名词解释再次出现“Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis”。

第一题：名词解释

1. Allophones

2. Syntax

3. Duality

4. Perfomatives

5. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

第二题：填空（十个）

1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.

2. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned"

is known as a(n) __________.

3. "I bought some roses" __________"I bought some flowers".

4. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of__________.

X: Who was that you were with last night?

Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?

5. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language.

This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added,

lost or altered.

6. In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a

particular variety of language and rules for using it.

7. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are

called __________ rules.

8. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a __________

morpheme.

9. A __________ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and",

"but", "or".

10. __________is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.

第三题：分析题：

1. Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other. The

first said

“唉，几点了？”

and the second said

“不好意思，打搅一下，请问您带表了吗？”

What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in these two ways and why would you

make them?

2. A sentence may be ambiguous.用所学理论画树状图分析句子含义，类似于下面含有歧

义的句子“The mother of the boy and girl will arrive soon.”

3. What are the possible contexts in which the given sentences can be used for other

purposes than just stating facts?

(1). The room is messy.

(2). I can’t work under untidy circumstances.

(3). It would be good if she had a green skirt on.

4. 分析一下Grammar Translation Method与Communicative Language Teaching两种教学

方法的区别。

第四题：小作文：给了5~6个Linguistics定义，参考所给材料，表述你对Linguistics

定义的观点 (200words)

Part two: composition

1. 一篇表格作文：关于各个国家的人口结构，体现出来的特点是老龄化。（250Words）

2. 把孩子培养为principled好呢，还是creative的好。(300 words)

4.3.1 真题解析及技巧指导

第一题：名词解释

1. Allophones : The phones representing a phoneme are called its , the different

members of a phoneme ,sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word so

phonetically different as to create a new word or a new meaning thereof.

考察范围：phonology

相关概念：phones, phonemes

2. Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a

language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.

考察范围：Syntax

相关概念：Phonology, Morphology, Semantics, Pragmatics

3. Duality means the language’s property of having tow levels of structures: the system of

sounds, which is the meaningless level of the language system,and the system of meaning.

考察范围：features of language.

相关概念：Design features of language： The features that define our human languages can

be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of

communication.

(1) Arbitrariness

Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to

their meanings.

(2) Duality

Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary

level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own

principles of organization.

(3) Creativity

Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.

Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The

recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless

sentences.

(4) Displacement

Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events

and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation.

4. Perfomatives: They are sentences that do not state a fact or describe s state and are not

verifiable, in other words, performative are utterances that perform an act—“do things”.

考察范围：Pragmatics

5. omit

第二题：填空（十个）

1. human languages in general

2. inflectional morpheme

3. entails

4. relation

5. morphemes

6. linguistically

7、sequential

8、free

9、coordinate

10、Interlanguage

第三题：分析题

1. To the first person I would assume that he has performed his speech act of asking for the

time (direct speech act of inquiring), and his presupposition is that I will tell him the time or I can

tell him the time. If he is friendly, I will tell him the time. Otherwise I will not. Or if I don’t know

the time (for instance, if I don’t have a watch or cell phone with me), I will not.

To the second person, I would assume that he performed his speech act of asking for the time

(indirect speech act of inquiring by performing the direct speech acts of interrupting and asking if

I have a watch.) I will tell him the time if I can. If not, I will help him by proposing him to see the

cabled TV program or asking other passengers for help.

Perhaps the crucial distinction in the use of these two types of speech acts is based on the fact

that the indirect demands or requests are simply considered more gentle or more polite in our

society than direct commands. Exactly why they are considered more polite is based on some

complex social assumptions.

In China, the second person is more regarded as more polite than the first person. The second

is trying to save his own face as well as the hearer’s face than the first. So the second person’s

indirect speech act can more often be fulfilled. In contrast, the first person can be impolite, and he

does not save his face, neither can he save the hearer’s face, as a result his expectation is not

fulfilled more often.

考察范围：语用学中的语言交际中的策略问题。对于陌生人，尤其是请陌生人帮忙时，最好

使用表达间接言语行为的表达方式，大方而不失礼貌。直接用表达直接言语行为的表达方式，

显得不礼貌，而且很被听话者拒绝，因此也没有完成交际目的，交际失败。间接言语行为表

达的礼貌级别都很高。

2. S

NP Aux VP

NP NP

The mother of the boy and the girl will arrive soon

S

NP Aux VP

Art N PP

The mother of the boy and the girl will arrive soon

考查范围：What is IC analysis? What are immediate constituents(and ultimate constituents)?

“IC analysis” is a new approach of sentence study that cuts a sentence into two(or more)

segments. This kind of pure segmentation is simply dividing a sentence into its constituent

elements without even knowing what they really are . What remain of the first cut are called

“immediate constituents”, and what are left at the final cut are called “ultimate constituents”. For

example, “John left yesterday” can be thus segmented: “John| left | | yesterday”. We get two

immediate constituents for the first cut (|), and they are “John” and “left yesterday”. Further split(||)

this sentence generates three “ultimate constituents”: “John”, “left ” and “yesterday”.

3. Possible contexts:

(1). a. A mild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room.

b. In a language class where a student made a mistake, for he intended to say “tidy”.

c. The room was wanted for a meeting.

(2). a. A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.

b. It was an excuse for not wanting to do something there.

c. It is the speaker’s habit.

(3). a. A mild way to express disagreement with someone who has complimented on a lady’s

appearance.

b. A regret that the customer had not taken the dress.

c. That she wore a red skirt was not in agreement with the custom on the occasion.

小结:考察范围是Pragmatics, Speech Act Theory中的contextual meaning.

Pragmatics是重点章节，其中的每一个概念都必须弄懂，记住，会应用。

4. Grammar Translation Method

（1）Principal Features

As its name suggests, this method emphasizes the teaching of the second language

grammar; its principal technique is translation from and into the target language.

(2) Theoretical Assumptions

Target language is primarily viewed as a system of rules to be observed in texts and

sentences and to be related to first language rules and meanings. Language learning is regarded as

intellectual activity which provides students with good mental exercises to develop their minds.

(3) Objectives

Reading and writing are the major concern. It is mainly a book-ooriented method of

learning the grammatical system of language.

(4) Syllabus

The syllabus is based on grammar and vocabulary. Grammar rules are presented,

illustrated and to be practiced through translation exercises. Vocabulary selection is based on the

reading texts and vocabulary.

(5) Learner and teacher’s roles

The classroom is teacher-centered. Learners are viewed as passive receivers of knowledge.

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

（1）Principal Features

CLT lays emphasis on meaning of language and the interdependence of language and

communication, makes communicative competence the goal of language teaching.

(2) Theoretical Assumptions

The primary function of language is for interaction and communication.

(3) Objectives

a. an integrative and content level;

b. a linguistic and instrumental level;

c. an affective level of interpersonal relationships and conduct;

(4) Syllabus

CLT is based on notional-functional syllabus or some other communicatively organized

syllabus.

(5) Learner and teacher’s roles

Communicative classrooms are earner-centered. The learner is negotiator between the self,

the learning process and the object of learning.

小结：考查范围是应用语言学中的语言教学，语言教学是重点。

第四题：小作文：给了5~6个Linguistics定义，参考所给材料，从不同的角度先描述、

总结。表述你对Linguistics定义的观点。

Part two: composition

1. Omit

2. 培养孩子的话题要多注意。

4.4 827英美文学与翻译2012年真题

Part one literature

新增：第一题：填空10个

1. For Melville, as well as for the reader and _________, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a

mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe.

2. Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious

and less sympathetic but more ironic and more_____________.

3. Dreiser’s Trilogy of Desire includes three novels. They are The Financier, The Titan

and_____ .

4. The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of

the nineteenth-century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another

school of realism: American___________ .

5. Robert Frost combined traditional verse forms -the sonnet, rhyming couplets, blank verse

-with a clear American local speech rhythm, the speech of _______farmers with its idiosyncratic

diction and syntax.

6. Apart from the dislocation of time and the modern stream-of-consciousness, the other

narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his stories include_________, symbolism and

mythological and biblical allusions.

7. One of the characteristics that have made Mark Twain a major literary figure in the 19th

century America is his use of____________ .

8. At the middle of 19th century, America witnessed a cultural flowering which is called

“_______________”.

9._____masterpiece, The Pilgrim’s Progress, is an allegory, a narrative in which general

concepts such as sins, despair, and faith are represented as people or as aspects of the natural

world.

10. Satan is the hero in Milton’s masterpiece __________.

第二题：解答题

1. Walter Scott 与Oscar Wilder比较

2. 给了一篇Poe的散文，要求总结Poe的写作特点。

3. 要求总结Emily Dickinson诗的特点。

4. John Milton和Thomas Hardy二选一评论。

Part two: translation

汉译英：周国平关于爱国主义的文章中的一段。

爱国要有平常心。过去我们在大国心态和弱国心态的双重支配下，自大又自卑，排外又

媚外，出尽了洋相，也吃够了苦头。今天仍有相当多的青年，一面高喊过激的爱国口号，一

面费尽力气要出国定居，这应该怪不当的引导。做人要自爱自尊，作为民族也如此，而自大

和自卑都是自尊的反面。两极相通，狭隘民族主义是很容易变成民族虚无主义的。正是在日

益全球化的今天，我们更应该、也更有条件用全球的、人类的眼光来看中国，更好地辨别中

国文化的精华和糟粕，认识中国的过去、现在和未来，从而建设一个更伟大的中国。在我看

来，这才是真正的爱国。

两种完全不同的爱国主义：诗意的，自然的，低调的，其实质是对土地和人民的感情；

意识形态的，做作的，高调的，其实质是受权力操纵的表演。

判断爱国主义境界高低的标准：有没有普世价值作为其内涵和基础。