翻译理论-复习

antRoleofTranslation

Asameansofcommunication,translationplaysanimportantroleinhuman

randskillfultranslationhelpstopromotemutual

understandingbetweenpeoplesofdifferentculturalandsocialbackgrounds,

whereasamisunderstandingorimproperrenderingofwordsorexpressionsmay

leadtoconfusionevendisasters.

tionofTranslation

TheOxfordEnglishDictionary:toturnfromonelanguageintoanother

(

从一种语言转换成另一种语言

)

Webster’sthirdNewInternationalDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage:to

turnintoone’sownoranotherlanguage(

转换成本族语或另一种语言

)

Thegeneralsubjectfieldorphenomenon.

Theproduct,thetextthathasbeentranslated.

Theprocessofproducingthetranslation,otherwiseknownastranslating.

oftranslation

Howdoyouperceivetranslation?

Somepeoplebelieveitisascience,otherstakeitasanart;andyetmany

consideritacraft,orrather,askill.

translationgenerallyunderstood?

Meetham&Hudson

Translationisthereplacementofarepresentationofatextinonelanguagebya

representationofanequivalenttextinasecondlanguage.(1972)

Bell

Translationistheexpressioninanotherlanguage

(ortargetlanguage)ofwhathasbeenexpressedinanother,sourcelanguage,

preservingsemanticandstylisticequivalences.(1991)

fTranslation

Translationcoversaverybroadrange.

1

）

Intermsoflanguages,itcanbedividedintotwocategories:fromnativelanguages

intoforeignlanguagesandviceversa;

2)Intermsoflanguagesymbolsitcanbedividedinto[RomanJakobson]

intralingualtranslation

（语内翻译）：

aninterpretationofverbalsignsby

meansofothersignsofthesamelanguage

；

[itoccurswhenweproduce

summaryorotherwiserewriteatextinthesamelanguage,sayachildern’s

rswhenwerephraseanexpressioninthe

samelanguage.]

interlingualtranslation

（语际翻译）：

aninterpretationofverbalsignsby

meansofsomeotherlanguage

；

[itoccursbetweentwodifferentverbalsign

systemsthathasbeenthetranditionalfocusoftranslationstudies.]

intersemiotictranslation(

符际翻译

)

：

aninterpretationofverbalsignsby

meansofsignsofnon-verbalsignsystems.[itoccurswhenawrittentextis

translatedintoadifferentmode,suchasfilmorpainting.]

3)Intermsofthemode,itcanbedividedintooralinterpretation,writtentranslation

andmachinetranslation;

4)Intermsofmaterialstobetranslated,thereistranslationofscientificmaterials,

translationofliteraryworkssuchasnovels,stories,prose,poetry,drama,etc.,

translationofpoliticalessayssuchastreatisesonsocialproblems,reports,speeches,

etc.,andtranslationofpracticalwritingsuchasofficialdocuments,contractsand

agreements,notices,receipts,etc.;

yofTranslation

IntheWest,translationcanbetracedbackto300BC,whileinChina,recorded

translationactivitiesareevenearlier,datingfromtheZhouDynasty(1100BC).

However,notuntilrecentcenturies,especiallybytheendofthe19thcenturydid

astdecadestranslationtheories

andactivitieshavedevelopedfastbothathomeandabroad.

TheMajorStagesofTranslationinChina

1

、

TranslationofBuddhistScriptures

2

、

BeginningStage

3

、

DevelopmentStage

4

、

ClimaxStage

ples/CriteriaofTranslation

Theso-calledprinciplesandcriteriaoftranslationareactuallythetwosidesof

merlaysemphasisonthetranslator,whoshouldfollow

theseprincipleswhiletranslating;whilethelatteronthereaderorcritic,who

mayusethecriteriatoevaluatetranslationworks.

由于人们看待翻译的角度不同，自然有了不同的翻译标准

概括起来，它们大体可分为以下四类：

1.

以译出语或译入语为取向的翻译原则

thesource-language-orientedorthetarget-language-oriented

translationprinciple

2.

以作者和读者为取向的翻译原则

theauthor-and-reader-orientedtranslationprinciple

3.

以美学为取向的翻译原则

theaesthetic-orientedtranslationprinciple

4.

以社会符号学为取向的原则

thesociosemiotic-orientedtranslationprinciple

中国的翻译原则

WheneverPrinciples/CriteriaofTranslationareunderdiscussioninChina,YanFu’s

“three-characterguide”,whichwasfirstproposedin1898,wouldbementioned.

’s“threecharacterguide”:

faithfulness,expressiveness,andelegance(

信、达、雅

).

The“threecharacterguide”isregardedasaplumb-lineoflongstandingtomeasure

theprofessionalleveloftranslating.

ngde:faithfulness,expressivenessandcloseness(

信、达、切

);

’s(

傅雷

)spiritualconformity/resemblanceinspirit

（神似

)

Emphasizingthereproductionofthespiritortheflavoroftheoriginal.

强调原作

神韵再现。

ongshu’ssublimedadaptation(

化境

)focusesonthetranslator’ssmooth

andidiomaticChineseversionforthesakeoftheChinesereader.

西方翻译原则

1.

亚历山大

·

泰特勒

(AlexanderFraserTytler,1747-1814)

的翻译三原则：

Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginal

work.

译文应完全复写出原作的思想

Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatofthe

original.

译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同

Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.

译文应和原

作同样流畅

Nida

Nida’smaincontributionintranslationtheoryisthedynamicequivalence

理论来源：

Chomsky_transformationalgenerativegrammar

(

动态对等

)

，

anditisalsoknownasfunctionalequivalence(

功能对等

).The

oppositeapproachisformalequivalence(

形式对等

).



distinguishestwotypesofequivalence:

equivalencefocusesattentiononthemessageitself,inboth

formandcontent”withaimstoallowreaderstounderstandasmuchSL

context(

原文

)isconcernedthatthemessageinthereceptor

languageshouldmatchascloselyaspossiblethedifferentelementsinthe

sourcelanguage.

cequivalence,later’functional’.Bydynamicequivalence,it

means“therelationshipbetweenreceptorandmessageshouldbesubstantially

thesameasthatwhichexistedbetweentheoriginalreceptorsandmessage.”

heemphasizesmoreontheeffectthereadersreceivethemessagewiththeaim

to“relatethereadertomodesofbehaviorrelevantwithinthecontextof

reader’sownculture”.

Thegoalofdynamicequivalence,toseektheclosestnaturalequivalenttothe

houldnotshowinterferencefromtheSL,

andthe‘foreigness’oftheSTsettingisminimizedinawaythatwouldbe

criticizedbylaterculturally-orientedtranslationtheorists.

Principle:theconflictbetweenthetraditionalnotionsofmessageandform

eralruleforsuchconflicts,Nidaconsiders

that‘correspondenceinmeaningmusthavepriorityovercorrespondencein

style’ifequivalenceeffectistobeachieved.

Later,herealizedthatthereisnoabsolutesymmetrybetweenlanguages,he

preferstheterm“functionalequivalence”inthesensethat“equivalencecanbe

understoodintermsofproximity,asisofdegreesofclosenessto

functionalidentity.

Forexample:IamnoHamlet.

Formalequivalence

：我不是哈姆雷特。

Dynamicequivalence

：我不会犹豫。

ewmark

PeterNewmarkintroducestwokindsoftranslationmethodsandthreekindsof

texttypes.

Translationmethods:

semantictranslation:itattemptstorender,ascloselyaspossiblethesemantic

andsyntacticstructuresofthesecondlanguageallow,theexactcontextual

ictranslationisconcernedwiththe

author(usuallyasanindividual,andoftenincontradistinctionbothtohis

cultureandtothenormsofhislanguage).

communicativetranslation:itattemptstoproduceonitsreadersaneffectas

closelyaspossibletothatobtainedonthereadersoftheoriginal.

Communicativetranslationisconcernedmainlywiththereaders(usuallyin

thecontextofalanguageandculturalvariety).

Forexample:Wetpaint!

semantictranslation(

语义翻译

)

：湿油漆！

communicativetranslation

（交际翻译）：油漆未干，请勿触摸！

Texttypes:

expressivetext(

表达型

)

informativetext

（告知型）

vocativetext

（呼唤型）

Infact,PeterNewmarkthinksthatalltranslationsmustbeinsomedegreeboth

tuallyamatterofdifferenceofemphasis.

Hestatesclearlythereisnopurelysemantictranslationorpurely

communicativetranslationintranslationpractice,andonlythrougha

combinationofthetwomethodscanatranslationbebothaccurateinmeaning

andacceptabletothetargetlanguagereader.

Theconflictofloyalties,thegapbetweenemphasisonsourceandtarget

language,willalwaysremainastheoverridingproblemintranslationtheory

andpractice.

agoodtranslation?

1

．忠实准确：译文必须忠实于原文的内容，把原文内容完整准确地转达

出来。译者不能随意歪曲、增删、遗漏、篡改或阉割原文的内容。

2

．通顺流畅：译文充分发挥译语的语言优势。译文语言必须标准规范、

通俗易懂，符合译语的表达习惯。不应存在死译、硬译、生搬硬套、文理

不通的现象。

3

．风格得体：译文应尽量忠实转达原文的文体特征和写作风格。



谈看法：

thebenchmarkforgoodfunctionaltranslationisfarmorethan

tely,effectivetranslationissupposedto

beconciselystructured,clearlydecodedandvividlydelivered.

anslation

Literaltranslationistotranslatesomethingliterally,thatis,thetranslation

willbedefinitelydeterminedwordforword,phraseforphrase,andthe

ressioninthe

targetlanguagemustbeexpressiveandreadable.

Freetranslationmaybedefinedasasupplementarymeanstomainlyconvey

themeaningandspiritoftheoriginalwithouttryingtoreproduceitssentence

sadoptedonlywhenandwherereally

impossiblefortranslatorstodoliteraltranslation.



谈看法：

thereisnopointofchoosingthebetterofthetwowithoutgiving

le,well-trainedtranslator

knowshowtoreconcilethemandputthemtothebestuse.

nizingTranslationandDomesticatingTranslation

Whileliteraltranslationandfreetranslationmainlydealwithlinguistic

reproduction,foreignizingtranslationanddomesticatingtranslationare

concernedmorewithcultural,linguisticandaestheticconsideration.

12.

翻译的心得感悟

Atranslatorhastodefyalong,archingfarandwide,

highandlow,beversedinwhathashappenedbeforeandwhatistakingplace

now,andgaininsightsintotwovastlydifferentworldsdefinedbylanguages.

Essentially,aqualifiedtranslatorisonewhocanseebeyondwhatisobvious

cases,itdoestakegreatpainsto

when

translationcanbetrulytrickyorfrustrating.

Fortranslationlearners,wemustkeepsearchingfarandwide,highandlow,

andhavetheinsatiabledesiretoventureintounchartedterritoryofknowledge.

So,keepyourselfwell-informedanduptodate.

翻译概论框架

1.

翻译学的主要问题

Theconceptoftranslation:asasubject;asaproduct;asaprocessoftranslating.

Holmes/Toury‘map’:anoverallframeworktodescribewhatthetraslationstudies

covers.

VanDoorslaer‘map’:makeadistinctionbetweenthetranslationandtranslation

studies.

2.

“字对字”

&

“意对意”

早期的翻译理论家和批评家大多支持意译。

(1)Cicero:notasaninterpreter,butasanorator.

(2).Horace:producinganaetheticallypleasingandcreativepoetictexts.

(3).

：

wordforwordtranslationmayproduceanabsurdtranslation.

当然也有支持异化的译者

(1)Schleiermacher:analienting/foreigningmethod

(2)Venuti:tomakevisiblethepresenceofthetranslatorandhighlighttheforeign

identityoftheSTbyanon-fluent,estrangingorheterogeneoustranslationstyle.

(3)Berman:“theproperlyenthicalaimofthetranslatingactisreseivingtheForeign

asForeign.”

翻译行为的伦理目标应是原原本本的接受原文的异质性。

3.

对等和等效

为了避开对直译意译这一古老的争议，

1950s-1960s

翻译理论家们开始对翻译进

行系统的分析，新的争论围绕翻译学的关键问题而展开，最为突出的是对于“意

义”和“对等的争议”。

人物主要观点

RomanJakobsonSaussure-signtheory;

intralingual/interlingual/intersemiotictranslation;

NidaChomsky-transformationalgenerativegrammar;

Formalequivalenceu&Dynamictranslation;

Linguistic/referencial/emotiveorconnotativemeaninig;

PeterNewmarkEquivalenceisanillusionary;

Communicativetranslation&semantictranslation;

KollerCorrespodenceandeuivalence;

Fullformlequivalencewouldrequirecreativityintheuseofstylistic

formsappriatetotheTLthatmanywellnotbefeasible.

4.

翻译产品及翻译过程研究

对翻译进行分析的方法，将翻译作为一种产品来研究。然后将翻译作为一个认知

过程。

(1)VineyandDaebelnet

Strategy&Procedure

Borrowing

Directtranslation

Calque

(literaltranslation)

Literaltranslation

Obliquetranslation

(freetranslation)

Others

Transposition(conversion)

Modulation

Equivalence

Adaptation

Amplifcation

Falsefriend

Loss,gain,compensation

Explicitation

Generalization

Servitude：obligatorytranspositionandmodulationsduetoadifferencebetweenthe

twolanguagesystemsbywhichwaytomeetehrequirementsofsyntacticrulesor

wordorder.

Option：non-obligatorychangesthatmaybeduetothetranslator’sownstyleand

preference,uldbeadecisiontochangewordorder

whentranslatingbetweenlanguagesthatpermitflexibility,ortoamplifyorexplicatea

generalterm.

5.翻译功能理论

1970s-1980s德国学界开始远离纯语言学模式，转而从交际和功能的角度出发对

翻译开始研究。

(1)KatharinaReiss——texttype

TexttypeTranslationstrategy

ExpressivetextIdentifying(

仿效法

)

InformativetextExplicitation(明晰法)

OperativetextAdaptivemethod(编译)

Audio-visualtextSupplementarymethod(补充法)

MarySnell-Hornby

(2)r——skopostheory

Skopostheory:

Twofundamentalprinciples：

6.话语分析和语域分析方法

1990s,随着应用语言学的发展，话语分析在翻译研究领域异军突起。

(1)Halliday

FieldIdeationalfunction

Register

(whatisbeingwrittenabout)

TenorInterpersonalfunction

(whoiscommunicatingandtowhom)

ModeTextualfunction

(theformofcommunication)

(2)House

Field;Tenor;Mode;

Overt&coverttranslation

(3)MonaBaker:InOtherWords:ACoursebookofTranslation

Thematicstructure

；

Cohesion&coherence;

Presupposition

Implication

7.

系统理论

多元系统将翻译文学视为一个系统，隶属于目标文化内社会、文化和历史的大

系统。

(1)EvenZohar

PositiontheliteraryTranslationstrategy

translationoccupies

YoungDonotfeelconstrained

PrimarypositionFollowSTmodel

Peripheralorweak

Avacuumintheliterature

Breaktheconventions

ProductionofnewmodelsinTL

Adequatetranslation

SecondarypositionFollowtheTTmodel

ExistingtargetculturemodelforTT

Non-adequatetranslation

(2)Toury

threephasemethodologyforsystematicDTS

Initialnorm_preliminarynorms_operationalnorms

Lawsofgrowingstandardization_thelawofinterference

(3)Chesterman

Productorexpectancynorms

Professionalnorms:theaccountabilitynorm;thecommunicationnorm;therelation

norm

8.文化转向和意识形态转向

(1)Lefevere:

Translation,RewritingandthemanipulationofLiteraryFame

(2)Translationandgender

翻译与女性主义：Simon

翻译对文化的研究兴趣无疑让翻译研究脱离了纯粹的语言分析，并与其它学科结

合起来。Simon便从性别研究的角度来研究翻译。她认为，翻译研究所用的语言

存在性别歧视，带有支配、忠诚、忠实和背叛等意象。

例如:

“不忠的美人”unfaithfulbeauty：有美感却对原文不忠。

GeorgeSteiner:penetration充满男性优越感

翻译常常被视为是低于原文的衍生文本。

翻译与同性恋话语：Harvey

接触理论：男同性恋者和女同性恋者如何在异性恋普遍接受的话语中表达自己。

酷儿理论：将同性恋话语的语言特点与文化身份联系起来。

总体上看，同性恋话语要么消失了，要么被污蔑。在一个译作中，译者通过词汇

选择和增加内容，将本来嬉闹的场景写成了诱惑性的场面。哈维分析将同性恋话

语显现的原因有两点：支持同性恋的写作的美国出版社施加了商业上的压力；美

国的稳固哈环境会确保著作更受欢迎。

8.

译者的角色：显形、伦理与社会学

(1)Venuti:TheTranslator’sInvisibility

Twowaysaccesstoinvisibility

ComparetoSchleiermacher’sviewofdomesticationandforeignization

并非二元对立，而是连续统一体。

倡导异化，但是异化只是一个主观相对的术语，难免涉及某种程度的归化。

(2)Berman:



翻译行为恰当的伦理目标应是原原本本地接受异质性。



每位译者都不可避免的受到民族中心主义的影响，并决定着翻译的欲望和译

文的形式。



只有对译者的心理进行分析，并使译者意识到发挥作用的力量，才能排除翻

译中的归化现象，形成中立的态度。

12

种变形倾向

9.

翻译的哲学理论

庞德——语言能量观

在庞德的翻译能量观（

energyoflanguage

）中

,

他并不重视译文的“意思”

,

甚至

译文中确切的词语翻译。取而代之的是他对节奏、韵律、措辞和词语变换的重视。

在不同文化中

,

这些节奏、措辞给读者的感觉是相同的。庞德希望通过对不同文

化之间的通用的理解来传递不同文化中相同的意境。诗歌的语言就是通过这些音

韵、形象的描述和中心思想来获取“能量”的。翻译工作就是将这些分散的“能

量”收集起来

,

由译者作为另一个创造者再进行整合

,

之后在另一种文化和语境中

使语言发散出更大的“能量”。这种能量可以转移

,

但是却不可能被磨灭。

本雅明——纯语言翻译观



译文的价值不在于提供对原文意义或信息性内容的理解，相反，译文与原文

独立，但又彼此相连，译文产生于原文之后，从原文“后起的生命”中诞生，

但又给了原文“延续的生命”。要做到这一点，就要使得两个语言和谐的走

到一起，既促进自身语言的增长，又寻求成为“纯粹”而且更高级的语言这

一目标。



对句法的直译和纯语言的解放都出现在逐行翻译中。



缺点：本雅明的“纯语言”并没有提出一个好现实的翻译解决方案。



还提出了伦理难题，有可能背叛读者和作者。