1999年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

1999年考研英语真题试卷

(题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension

Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best

word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)

Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 【B1】 low accident rates

plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep

them 【B2】 and active. When the work is well done, a 【B3】 of accident free

operations is established 【B4】 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.

Successful safety programs may 【B5】 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain

aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others

stress safe work practices by 【B6】 rules or regulations. 【B7】 others depend on an

emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in

every program if maxi mum results are to be obtained. There can be no question

about the value of a safety program. From a financial stand-point alone, safety 【B8】.

The fewer the injury 【B9】, the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean

the difference between operating at 【B10】 or at a loss.

1． 【B1】

A．at

B．in

C．on

D．with

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查对介词用法的掌握。本题要求填入适当介词，构成介词短语，

修饰主语Companies。在这四个选项中，只有介词with可表示”具有”之意。

2． 【B2】

A．alive

B．vivid

C．mobile

D．diverse

正确答案：A

解析：本题为形容词词义辨析题。vivid意为”鲜明的，生动的”；mobile意

为”移动的，可移动的”；diverse意为”不同的，互异的”；alive意为”有效的，存

在的”。根据题意，alive为正确答案。

3． 【B3】

A．regulation

B．climate

C．circumstance

D．requirement

正确答案：B

解析：本题为名同词义辨析题。regulation和requirement都可用来表示”法令，

规定”，均不合题意；circumstance作”环境，情势”讲时，通常用复数形式；climate

意为”气候，风气”，可用单数形式，故为正确答案。

4． 【B4】

A．where

B．how

C．what

D．unless

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查连接手段。本题空格后是定语从句time lost due to injuries is

kept at a minimum，因此要求选择适当连接手段将主句和从句连接起来。该从句

修饰a climate of accident-free operations，而选项中where作为关系副闻，表示in

which，即in this climate，连接两个分句，既符合语法又符合逻辑，所以是正确

选项。

5． 【B5】

A．alter

B．differ

C．shift

D．distinguish

正确答案：B

解析：本题为动词词义辨析题。distinguish意为”辨别，区别”；differ意为”

不同”；alter意为”改变”；shift意为”移动，改变位置或方向”。根据句意，differ

为正确答案。

6． 【B6】

A．constituting

B．aggravating

C．observing

D．justifying

正确答案：C

解析：本题为动词词义辨析题。constitute意为”组成，构成；指派，任命”；

aggravate意为”使恶化，使更严重”：observe意为”遵守”；justify意为”证明…为

正当”。根据题意，observing为正确答案。

7． 【B7】

A．Some

B．Many

C．Even

D．Still

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查连接手段。短文第二段开头明确了该段的主题，然后进行列

举说明。首先由some和others引导的两个句子作为例证，至本题处，作者又进

一步使用了第三个例证。空缺处只有填入still才能准确表示这种语篇逻辑上的连

贯性。这里的still可与more/another/other etc.连用，意为”此外，还有”。

8． 【B8】

A．comes off

B．turns up

C．pays off

D．holds up

正确答案：C

解析：本题为动词短语词义辨析题。come off意为：”发生；成功；分离”；

turn up意为”开大(音量等)；出现”；pay off意为”有收获；得到报偿”；hold up意

为”举起，阻挡”。该段旨在说明安全的重要性，为达到这一日的，作者从财政的

角度论述时，势必要提及安全的好处。故pays off为正确答案。

9． 【B9】

A．claims

B．reports

C．declarations

D．proclamations

正确答案：A

解析：本题为名词词义辨析题。claims有”索赔，赔偿”之意；report意为”报

告”；declaration意为”宣言”；proclamation意为”宣告，公布”。根据题意，claims

为正确答案。

10． 【B10】

A．an advantage

B．a benefit

C．an interest

D．a profit

正确答案：D

解析：本题为近义名词词义辨析题。advantage强调”竞争中的优势”；benefit

侧重于表示”裨益，益处”；interest也表示”益处”，但多用复数形式；profit同上

述三个词相比，尤指物质方面的利益，即”利润，赢利”。根据上下文，空格处是”

获利，赢利”的意思。

11． Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the

assertion about economic recovery ______ just a round the comer was untrue.

A．would be

B．to be

C．was

D．being

正确答案：D

解析：本题测试对于非谓语动词用法的掌握。本句中的that引导的是一个宾

语从句，而从句中已经有了谓语was untrue。因此可在动名词前面加上一个名词

来表示这个动名词的逻辑主语，故选项being为正确答案。

12． Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills ______ people each

year than automobile accidents.

A．seven more times

B．seven times more

C．over seven times

D．seven times

正确答案：B

解析：本题测试比较级前修饰词语的用法。由than一词可知，此句为省略

的比较从句。而带程度状语的比较级中程度状语要放在比较级前面。

13． It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and

on the vague changes ______ place in our over-changing world.

A．taking

B．to take

C．take

D．taken

正确答案：A

解析：本题测试非谓语动词的用法。现在分词做后置定语时修饰分词动作的

发出者，表示其动作正在发生或与谓语动词同时发生。

14． This is an exciting area of study, and one ______ which new applications

are being discovered almost daily.

A．from

B．by

C．in

D．through

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查对句子结构的掌握。in which在定语从句中做状语，表示从

句行为发生的地点，相当于关系副词where。

15． ______ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle

involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.

A．As

B．What

C．That

D．It

正确答案：A

解析：本题测试关系代词”的用法。本题中的as引导的是非限定性定语从句，

as代表整个主句的意思，即the principle involves the active participation of the

patient in the modification of his condition。

16． Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unable to attend

______ such short notice.

A．to

B．in

C．with

D．on

正确答案：D

解析：本题测试介词的用法。在这四个供选择的介词中，只有介词on可以

表示原因，意为”由于，在…情况下”。

17． California has more light than it knows ______ to do with but everything

else is expensive.

A．how

B．what

C．which

D．where

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查疑问词加不定式。连接代词what在此引导动词不定式短语，

在句中做宾语。do with…是一个习惯用语，和what连用，构成 what to do with”

结构，意为”(怎样)处理，安排，办”。

18． The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have

small children and get along ______ to spend most of their time together.

A．so well

B．too well

C．well as

D．well enough

正确答案：D

解析：本题测试副词的搭配。get along well意为”相处融洽”，而enough一

词要求不定式作结果状语。

19． Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about ______

compliments to his political leaders.

A．paying

B．having paid

C．to pay

D．to have paid

正确答案：C

解析：此题测试对于固定搭配的掌握。be about to do sth.为固定搭配，意为”

正要做某事”。

20． These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying

of digital information than ______ in traditional media.

A．exist

B．exists

C．existing

D．to exist

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查对于句子结构的掌握。本句中的than是关系代词，引导定

语从句，其先行词为restrictions。than引导的这类从句有一个先决条件：先行词

前必须有形容词比较级。

21． An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ______ further

research and further thinking about a particular topic.

A．stimulate

B．renovate

C．arouse

D．advocate

正确答案：A

解析：本题为动词词义辨析题。renovate意为”整修”；advocate意为”提倡、

支持”；arouse和stimulate，两者都有”激发”之意，但前者一般指”引起或激起某

种感情或兴趣”；后者则另外含有”激励、鼓舞”之褒义，根据题意，此处须填入

一个含有”激发”之意的词，故选项stimulate为正确答案。

22． Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of

important practical ______.

A．obligations

B．regulations

C．observations

D．considerations

正确答案：D

解析：本题为动词词义辨析题。obligations意为”义务，责任”；regulations

意为”规则，法规”，observations意为”观察，意见”，considerations意为”要考虑

的事或因素”。根据题意，该名词必须能与动词satisfy相搭配，故选项

considerations为正确答案。

23． Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss ______ the

bread-winner’s death.

A．at the cost of

B．on the verge of

C．as a result of

D．for the sake of

正确答案：C

解析：本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。at the cost of意为”以…为代价”；on the

verge of意为”在(不好的事情)即将发生之际”；as A result of意为”因为，由于”；

for the sake of意为”为…起见”。根据题意，选项as a result of为正确答案。

24． In education there should be a good ______ among the branches of

knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.

A．distribution

B．balance

C．combination

D．assignment

正确答案：B

解析：本题为名词词义辨析题。assignment意为”任务，职责”；combination

意为”结合，联合”，常与介词with或and连用；distribution意为”分配，

分布”；balance意为”平衡”，可与介词among搭配。根据题意和搭配，选项balance

为正确答案。

25． The American dream is most ______ during the periods of productivity and

wealth generated by American capitalism.

A．plausible

B．patriotic

C．primitive

D．partial

正确答案：A

解析：本题为形容词词义辨析题。plausible意为”可信的，有道理的”；patriotic

意为”爱国的；有爱国心的”；primitive意为”原始的”；partial意为”部分的，不完

全的”。均不符合本题的逻辑意义，根据题意．劳动生产率的提高和社会财富的

增加理应使美国梦更为”可信”，故选项plausible为正确答案。

26． Poverty is not ______ in most cities although, perhaps because of the

crowded conditions in certain areas, it is more visible there.

A．rare

B．temporary

C．prevalent

D．segmental

正确答案：C

解析：本题为形容词词义辨析题。prevalent意为”流行的，普遍的”，可构成

短语be prevalent in意为”盛行，普遍存在”；rare意为”罕有的”；temporary意为”

暂时的”；segmental意为”部分的”。根据题意，prevalent为正确答案。

27． People who rye in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in

______ populated areas.

A．densely

B．intensely

C．abundantly

D．highly

正确答案：A

解析：本题为副词词义辨析题。densely意为”密集”；intensely意为”强烈；

激烈”；abundantly意为”充裕，丰富”；highly意为”极为，非常”。小镇上一般人

少，那么此处就该填入能协助表示”人多”这一概念的词。故选项densely为正确

答案。

28． As a way of ______ the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the

cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.

A．picking up

B．coping with

C．passing out

D．getting across

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查对短语动词的掌握。pick up意为”拾起；搭载；偶然得到或

发现；收听”；cope with意为”应付，处理；使人了解”；pass out意为”昏倒，失

去知觉”；get across意为”解释清楚，使人了解”。根据题意，coping with正确。

29． Tom’s mother tried hard to persuade him to ______ from his intention to

invest his savings in stock market.

A．pull out

B．give up

C．draw in

D．back down

正确答案：D

解析：伞题考查对短语动词的掌握。draw in意为”吸入；抵达”；give up意

为”放弃，退出”，其后接名词或动名词；pull out常与介词of连用，意为”退出、

撤离(工作等)”；back down可与介词from搭配使用，意为”放弃(主张等)”。根据

题意，选项back down为正确答案。

30． An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced

medical ______, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.

A．interference

B．interruption

C．intervention

D．interaction

正确答案：C

解析：本题为形近名词词义辨析题。interaction意为”合作，相互作用”，常

与介词with，among或between连用；interruption意为”中断”；interference意为”

妨碍，干涉”，常与介词with或in连用；intervention意为”干预、介入以阻止某

事发生”。根据题意，由于医疗保健的介入才阻止了许多疾病的进一步恶化，因

此人们的生活才离不开先进的医疗技术，而医疗技术之间的相互合作对人们生活

并无太大的影响。故选项intervention为正确答案。

31． These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the

______ of higher education from the mid-1860’s to the mid-1880’s.

A．branch

B．category

C．domain

D．scope

正确答案：C

解析：本题为近义名词词义辨析题。branch指”(河流的)分支，(学科等的)分

科或分公司、分部等”；category指”(概念上的)种类，或(哲学上的)范畴”；domain

指”{国家的)领土，(学术的)领域或范围”；scope指”(活动、能力的)范围、领域或

程度”。根据题意，domain为正确答案。

32． Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ______ in the financial

system will drag down the economy.

A．shallowness

B．shakiness

C．scantiness

D．stiffness

正确答案：B

解析：本题为名词词义辨析题。shallowness意为”肤浅，浅薄”；scantiness

意为”缺乏，不足”；stiffness意为”僵硬，顽固”；shakiness意为”动摇，不安稳”。

根据题意，选项shakiness为正确答案。

33． Crisis would be the right term to describe the ______ in many animal

species.

A．minimization

B．restriction

C．descent

D．decline

正确答案：D

解析：本题为名词词义辨析题。restriction意为”限制，约束”；minimization

意为”减到最小量或最低限度”；descent一般指”(位置或高度的)下降”；decline

指”(数量或程序上的)减少、衰退”。根据题意，此处应选一个含”减少、下降”之

意的词。故选项decline为正确答案。

34． The city is an important railroad __ and industrial and convention center.

A．conjunction

B．network

C．junction

D．link

正确答案：C

解析：本题为近义名词词义辨析题。conjunction意为”结合，联合”；junction

意为”接合点，交叉点”；link意为”纽带，联系”；network指”公路、铁路等的网

状系统”。根据题意，此处需要一个既含”枢纽”之意又能表示地点的词，故选项

junction为正确答案。

35． Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to ______ myself of

every chance to improve my English.

A．assure

B．inform

C．avail

D．notify

正确答案：C

解析：本题为动词短语词义辨析题。assure sb. of...意为”使某人确信；向某

人保证”；inform sb. of...意为”通知”；avail oneself of…意为”利用(机会等)”；notify

sb. of....意为”(正式)通知或报告”。根据题意，avail为正确答案。

36． Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that

______ disease resistance in neighboring plants.

A．contracts

B．activates

C．maintains

D．prescribe

正确答案：B

解析：本题为动词词义辨析题。contract意为”收缩”；maintains意为”维持；

维修；供养；主张”；prescribe意为”开(药方)；规定”；activate意为”使开始起作

用”，与其后的disease resistance形成动宾搭配，意为”激活抗体”。故选项activates

为正确答案。

37． Corporations and labor unions have ______ great benefits upon their

employees and members as well as upon the general public.

A．conferred

B．granted

C．flung

D．submitted

正确答案：A

解析：本题考查对动词词义及其介词搭配的掌握。confer与题干中的upon

搭配使用，意为”给予”；grant与介词to搭配，意为”授予”；flung与介词into搭

配，意为”使…突然…”；submit与介词to搭配，意为”服从；提交”；根据题意及

其搭配，选项conferred为正确答案。

38． The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which

was ______ from one new moon to the next.

A．measured

B．reckoned

C．judged

D．assessed

正确答案：B

解析：本题为近义动词词义辨析题。本题的四个选项都具有”估算，计算”

之意，但内在含义则有所不同。assess指”判断，评价”财产、价值、能力等；judge

指”判断”是非正误，或不同性质等；measure指”测量”大小、尺寸、重要性等；

reckon泛指”计算”。根据题意，选项reckoned为正确答案。

39． The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it

was ______ to the issue at hand.

A．irrational

B．unreasonable

C．invalid

D．irrelevant

正确答案：D

解析：本题考查对形容词词义及其介词搭配的掌握。irrational指”无道理的(指

言行等)”；unreasonable意为”超越情理的，过分的”；invalid指”无根据的，站不

住脚的(指论据，要求等)；不予正式承认的，无效的”；irrelevant意为”无关的”。

在这四个选项中，只有irrelevant可与题干中的to搭配。

40． Fuel scarcities and price increases ______ automobile designers to scale

down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and

trucks.

A．persuaded

B．prompted

C．imposed

D．enlightened

正确答案：B

解析：本题考查对动词词义及其介词搭配的掌握。impose常与on连用意为”

对…课税；把…强加于…；占便宜、利用别人的善意等”；enlighten也常与on连

用，意为”使…明白”；persuade和prompt均可接不定式。persuade sb. to do sth.

意为”劝某人做…”，prompt sb. to do sth.意为”促使某人做…”。根据题意，由于燃

油短缺和价格上扬，设计师们不是被劝说而是被促使要缩小汽车外形以减少油

耗，故选项prompted为正确答案。

41． Your math instructor (would have been) happy to give you a makeup

examination (had you gone) and (explained) that your parents (had been) ill at the

time.

A．would have been

B．had you gone

C．explained

D．had been

正确答案：D

解析：改had been为were。本题考查对于时态的掌握。虽然题目句子整体

上看属于虚拟语气句，但”你父母生病”并非虚拟，而且由时间状语at the time可

知，此处应该用一般过去时。

42． As the children become (financially) independent (of) the family, the

emphasis (on) family financial security will shift from protection (to save) for the

retirement years.

A．financially

B．of

C．on

D．to save

正确答案：D

解析：改to save为to saving。此题测试对于固定搭配的掌握。shift from…to…

属于惯用搭配，意为”从哪儿转到哪儿”。这里的to为介词，而不是不定式符号，

因此句中的to save应改为to saving。

43． (Were) the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no

doubt that it (could) dramatically transform (a family-ran) enterprise that still gets

90% of (its) revenues from newspapers.

A．Were

B．could

C．a family-ran

D．its

正确答案：C

解析：改family-ran为family-run。本题考查对句子结构的掌握。本句中的

动词run和enterprise是动宾关系，所以必须用过去分词来修饰enterprise，表示

被动意义(即run by the family)。

44． Symposium talks will cover (a wide range) of subjects (from) overfishing to

physical and (environment) factors that affect the (populations) of different species.

A．a wide range

B．from

C．environment

D．populations

正确答案：C

解析：改environment为environmental。本题考查对句子结构的掌握。本句

中的physical和environment是并列成分，共同修饰名词factors，因此名词

environment应改为其形容词形式。

45． Conversation calls for (a) willingness to alternate the role of speaker with

(one) of (listener), and it calls for occasional ‘digestive pauses’ (by) both.

A．a

B．one

C．listener

D．by

正确答案：B

解析：改one为that。此题考查代词的用法。one和that都属于不定代词，

都可以代替前面提到过的事物以避免重复。但是，不定代词one往往代替的是可

数名词。而不定代词that代替的往往是不可数名。本题中的role意为”角色”时有

抽象意义，是不可数名园，所以应该用that代替。

46． If two theories are equal (to) their ability to account (for) a body of data, the

theory that (does so) with the smaller number of assumptions is (to be preferred).

A．to

B．for

C．does so

D．to be preferred

正确答案：A

解析：改to为in。本题考查对介词用法的掌握。be equal to为固定搭配，意

为”在某方面相等”。但本句是指”这两种理论在解释…的能力方面相等”，故应改

to为in，in their ability意为”在能力方面”。

47． The Committee adopted a resolution (requiring) the seven automakers

(selling) the most cars in the state (making) 2 percent of those vehicles

(emissions-free) by 1998.

A．requiring

B．selling

C．making

D．emissions-free

正确答案：C

解析：改making为to make。本题考查对介词用法的掌握。本句中的requiring

这一分词短语做句中宾语resolution的定语，并且require后接sb. to do sth.，因

此，此处应将分词making改成不定式to make。

48． (As long as) poor people, who in general axe colored, are in (conflict with)

richer people who in general are (lighter) (skin), there’s going to be a constant racial

conflict in the world.

A．As long as

B．conflict with

C．lighter

D．skin

正确答案：D

解析：改skin为skinned。本题考查对句子结构的掌握。本句中的skin是动

词are的表语，因此必须把 skin改为形容词skinned。

49． All those (left undone) may sound (greatly) in theory, but even the (truest

believer) has great difficulty (when) it comes to specifics.

A．left undone

B．greatly

C．truest believer

D．when

正确答案：B

解析：改greatly为great。本题考查对句子结构的掌握。本句中的动词sound

为系动词，意为”听起来…”，它要求其后跟形容词做表语。故应将副词改为形容

词。

50． (Even if) automakers modify commercially produced cars to run (on)

alternative (fuels), the cars won’t catch on in a big way (when) drivers can fill them

up at the gas station.

A．Even if

B．on

C．fuels

D．when

正确答案：D

解析：改when为unless。本题考查连接词的用法。从句意看，讲话人是在

谈论一种新型的、靠多种代用燃料作动力的汽车，而这种汽车无论用何种代用燃

料，它首先必须能在加油站加燃料才能得到司机们的青睐。因此，此处需要一个

连词来引导条件从句而非时间从句，所以应将when改为unless，意为”除非、如

果不”，相当于if…。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the

underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)

(T1)While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are

historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the

attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of

its own time and place, each generation historians determines anew what is significant

for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered;

it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian’s craft is that its

practitioner always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending

process. (T2)Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external

challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal

quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to

literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater

opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an

understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a

discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of

the contemporary world, (T3)During this transfer, traditional historical methods were

augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of

evidence in the historical study. Methodology is a term that remains inherently

ambiguous in the historical profession, (T4)There is no agreement whether

methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the

research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been

accused of “tunnel method”, frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy”, Also

common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the

discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. (T5)It applies

equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal

criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with

specific techniques.

51． 【T1】

正确答案：几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践

最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释的科学。

52． 【T2】

正确答案：人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见

不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史学是一门学问。

53． 【T3】

正确答案：在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法

充实了传统的历史研究方法。

54． 【T4】

正确答案：所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究

中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。

55． 【T5】

正确答案：这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社会派；前者认为历史就

是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方

法的研究。

It’s a rough world out there, Step outside and you could break a leg slipping

on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if

the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might

compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s,

when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.

Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels,

trying to anticipate every possible accident, Today, stepladders carry labels several

inches long that warn, among other things, that you might—surprise!—fall off. The

label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly”.

While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions,

for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that

they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is

injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to

court. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as

before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a

warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons,

president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a

football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet, “We’re

really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those

kinds of injuries”, says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the

helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law

Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry

substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need

not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of

possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, “says a

law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the

moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might

actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal

liability.

56． What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?

A．Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.

B．Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.

C．Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings,

D．Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised

正确答案：B

解析：从本篇开头可以看到：尽管生产商在商品上不厌其烦地对可能发生的

事故予以提醒，可一旦事故发生，消费者就有可能通过法律诉讼而得到赔偿。这

与选项”受伤的消费者可望得到法律制度的保护”意思一致，故为正确答案。”消

费者可能会通过法律诉讼而摆脱灾难”，”生产商会通过提供新的警示而免遭起

诉”，”陪审团爱在生产商所许诺的补偿方面做文章”，均不合题意。

57． Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ______.

A．satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products

B．become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products

C．make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability

D．feel obliged to view customers’ safety as their first concern

正确答案：C

解析：短文第2段第1句说：”公司感到(赔偿的)威胁，便作出反应，写出

的警告标签越来越冗长，以期预测任何可能出现的事故”。这样就可以”逃避法律

的责任”，故答案选项最能说明厂商的真实意图，而不是”为使消费者满意”，”诚

恳地说出其产品的不足”或”把消费者的安全看作头等大事”。

58． The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ______.

A．some injury claims were no longer supported by law

B．helmets were net designed to prevent injuries

C．product labels would eventually be discarded

D．some sports games might lose popularity with athletes

正确答案：A

解析：短文第3段最后1句说：”当受伤的消费者把公司告到法庭后，只有

50%的公司会输掉官司”。接着在第4段列举了一位橄榄球队员戴了Schutt体育

公司生产的头盔踢球时受伤瘫痪了，要求赔偿。结果陪审团同意该公司的解释：

是这种运动的性质，而不是头盔造成对运动员的伤害。据此可判断，选项”某些

因伤害提出的索赔再也受不到法律的保护了”为正确答案。

59． The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be ______.

A．biased

B．indifferent

C．puzzling

D．objective

正确答案：D

解析：通读全文，可以发现作者并未在文中直接阐述自己对此事的观点，而

是站在第三者的角度，客观地叙述了从80年代至今美国法律在这一问题上态度

的变化，同时还援引了业内人士对此的看法。因此可以说作者对此的态度是”客

观的”，既不带”偏见”，也未表现出”冷漠”或”疑惑”。

In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved

around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be

more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services

with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business

people typically know what product they’re looking for. Nonetheless, many

companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability.

“Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier”,

says senior analyst Blanc Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting

the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who

are given access to the company’s private intranet. Another major shift in the

model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until

recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers

into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that

allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting

marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast

Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and

advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the

information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site.

Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies

to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events.

But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture

thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there

by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited,

the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies

Net purists. But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to

resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards,

, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of

products with the fight mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security, will attract online

customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good

sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years

from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.

60． We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ______.

A．has been striving to expand its market

B．intended to follow a fanciful fashion

C．tried but in vain to control the market

D．has been booming for one year or so

正确答案：A

解析：短文开头第1、2句告诉我们：在第一个年头，它的多数活动都围绕

着获取销售市场而进行。直到最近，经证明网上经营并非一时的时髦后，商家才

开始进行网上交易及各种服务。这与选项”网上经营一直致力于扩大销售市场”

的意思一致；”意欲追赶新奇、时髦”，与原意相悖；”企图控制市场却未能成功”，

及”已经蓬勃发展了一年左右的时间”，文中均未提及。

61． Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author

implies that ______.

A．the technology is popular with many Web users

B．businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions

C．there is a radical change in strategy.

D．it is accessible limitedly to established partners

正确答案：C

解析：短文第三段第二、三句告诉我们：”在此之前，互联网上的销售活动

主要限于把用户吸引到自己的网站来。然而，就在去年，软件公司开发出了新的

技术，这使商家能直接把商品信息强行输入到用户的屏幕上”。由此可以推论：

商家在销售策略上已有了根本的改变。

62． In the view of Net purists, ______.

A．there should be no marketing messages in online culture

B．money making should be given priority to on the Web

C．the Web should be able to function as the television set

D．there should be no online commercial information without requests

正确答案：D

解析：作者在短文第三段末尾几句提到：网上文化珍视这样一个概念，即信

息应传输给那些提出需求的用户。一旦商业广告不请自来地充斥电脑屏幕，网络

与电视就没有多大差异了，这样的前景令网络”净化者”感到恐怖。

63． We learn from the last paragraph that ______.

A．pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce

B．interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers

C．leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago

D．setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power

正确答案：B

解析：从文章末段我们了解到：为了赚钱，商家采取”强行输入”策略并非不

可避免。作者认为Visual Vineyard等公司就是最好的榜样，他们的做法证明：商

家如能把相互合作、礼貌周到、安全可靠这几方面恰到好处地结合起来，向用户

销售他们所需产品，必定能吸引网上的用户。

An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on

the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the

classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the

subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart

of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom. An

education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical, education,

justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by

law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally

required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the

American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how

his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was

not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school

until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature

to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized

countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education

advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise

cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons

for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize, the job

prospects of graduates over their educational achievement. There are some good

arguments for a technical education given the fight kind of student. Many European

schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure

children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however,

presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so

many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the

needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where

the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international

corporations. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be

the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the

difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer

these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various

software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course,

an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple

of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the

host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional, It should be

observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over

its purpose.

64． The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is

______.

A．far-reaching

B．dubiously oriented

C．self-contradictory

D．radically reformatory

正确答案：B

解析：短文第一段告知我们”对于计算机教育，在观点上存在着一条无形的

界线：有人提倡以此增加学生的就业前景，有人则希望以此达到从根本上进行教

育改革的目的”。紧接着，在第二段又说到：”为使学生获得某种工作的教育是职

业教育，其目的与法律所要求的人人都需受教育的目的全然不同。法律要求所有

孩子受教育的目的并不单纯是为了增加他们的就业希望…。然而，基于对以上两

种目的的混淆，计算机教育倡导者往往只强调计算机对就业前景的影响却忽视其

教育成就”。对此，作者在末段尾句提出了自己的看法：”无论普通学校，还是职

业学校，如对计算机教育的目的混淆不清，均不会从中获益”。这与选项”其目的

值得怀疑”的观点一致，故为正确答案。

65． The belief that education is indispensable to all children ______.

A．is indicative of a pessimism in disguise

B．came into being along with the arrival of computers

C．is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-education advocates

D．originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries

正确答案：D

解析：短文第二段倒数第三句说：”抱着所有工：业化国家所特有的乐观态

度，我们慢慢接受了每个人都适合受教育这一观念”，由此可以确定，选项”认为

教育是所有孩子都不可缺少的这一观点源于工业化国家的乐观态度”为正确答

案。

66． It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the

European model of professional training is ______.

A．dependent upon the starting age of candidates

B．worth trying in various social sections

C．of little practical value

D．attractive to every kind of professional

正确答案：C

解析：短文第三段中告知我们：”对适合的学生进行职业教育，有些人对此

持赞同观点。为了使孩子们具备欲从事的职业所需要的技能，许多欧洲学校很早

就引进了职业教育这一概念。然而，如果因此就相信只有这么多的工作在等着同

等数量的科学家、商人及会计师来做，就未免太自以为是了。何况，职业教育也

不可能培训出像我们这样一个经济发展遍及很多地区，同时又有许多国际公司的

大国中每一种职业所需要的足够的专业人才”。由此可知，欧洲国家专业培训模

式不适于该国，故选项”几乎不具有实用价值”为正确答案。

67． According to the author, basic computer skills should be ______.

A．included as an auxiliary course in school

B．highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications

C．mastered through a life-long course

D．equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise

正确答案：A

解析：本题可从最后一段找到答案。作者告知我们：”目前所使用的任何一

种计算机的基本技能都很简单，学会使用各种软件不必花费毕生的时间。不管怎

样，计算机基本技能只能是要成为任何一种专业人员所需的各种职业技能的补

充。当然，应该看到，不管是普通学校，还是职业学校，如混淆其目的，都不会

从中获益”。这与选项”应作为学校的辅助性课程”的观点一致，故为正确答案。

When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago

that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he

was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he

ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had

proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton

President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with

recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group—the National

Bioethies Advisory Commission (NBAC)—has been working feverishly to put its

wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft

of their recommendations. NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal

funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law.

But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid

new restrictions on re search that involves the cloning of human DNA or ceils—

routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial

question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for

private funding to be used for human cloning. In a draft preface to the

recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel

had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to

create a human child by adult nuclear cloning”. Shapiro explained during the meeting

that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child.

The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some

details have not been settled. NBAC plans to tail for a continued ban on federal

government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to ere ate a child.

Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos

(the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly

endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC

members also indicated that they would appeal to privately funded researchers and

clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided

on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete

ban on human cloning, Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such

legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still” up in the air”.

68． We can learn from the first paragraph that ______.

A．federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans

B．the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning

C．NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique

D．the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning

正确答案：B

解析：短文首段告诉我们：对苏格兰研究小组培育出克隆羊的消息，克林顿

总统反应强烈；立刻发表声明反对用这种不同寻常的克隆动物的技术来克隆人。

同时还下令禁止联邦资金用于此项实验—尽管还没有人提议要这样做。选项”白

宫对于克隆消息反应强烈”与此意一致，故为正确答案。

69． The panel agreed on all of the following except that ______.

A．the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law

B．the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control

C．it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning

D．it would he against ethical values to clone a human being

正确答案：C

解析：短文第二段开头告诉我们：NBAC将要求无限期延长克林顿总统发布

的禁止联邦资金用于克隆人研究的90天禁令，并有可能将此立法。但委员会计

划在提案的措辞上更为严谨，以避免给克隆人体DNA或细胞等研究带来更多的

限制。但对于是否应通过提案立法禁止私人资金用于克隆人研究这一关键性问题

仍未达成一致。根据以上内容及第三段第二句：”Shapiro表示，专家组一致认为

尝试用成人的基因去克隆婴儿是违背伦理道德的”，由此可以判断，其他三个选

项为专家组的一致意见，答案选项为他们的分歧所在，故为正确答案。

70． NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because

______.

A．embryo research is just a current development of cloning

B．the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research

C．an embryo’s life will nut be endangered in embryo research

D．the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law

正确答案：D

解析：短文第4段第2句告知我们：”因为现行联邦政府法律已经禁止使用

联邦基金创造供研究用的胚胎、或有意识地危害胚胎的性命，NBAC的建议将不

再涉及胚胎的研究”。这与选项”该问题在法律条文中已经明文规定”一致，故为

正确答案。

71． It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ______.

A．some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely

B．a law banning human cloning is lo be passed in no time

C．privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal

D．the issue of human cloning will soon be settled

正确答案：A

解析：作者短文最后一段告知我们：NBAC成员在是否进一步要求联邦法律

强制执行完全禁止克隆人这一问题上存在意见分歧。Shapiro和大多数委员赞成

对此立法，但在电话采访中透露，这个问题仍”悬而未决”。由此可知，选项”一

些NBAC委员对彻底禁止克隆人研究仍迟疑不决”为正确答案。

Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on

the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac

Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been

falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But

Newton for years had been curious a bout the cause of the orbital motion of the moon

and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact

that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the

question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon

and the planets. How many men would have considered the possibility of an

apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict

anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable,

Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have

unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when

writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with

examples of it. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might

gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for

imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been

asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The

scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “the data are still inconclusive”.

“We know that”, the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think? Is

it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The scientist has been

shocked at having even been asked to speculate. What this amounts to, of course,

is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward

unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has

convinced industrial and business management that they are true, If experiments are

planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science

journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to

produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors

to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will

get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash

register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to

a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would

appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd

balls” among re searchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well

with the team”.

72． The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ______.

A．inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments

B．science advances when fruitful researches are conducted

C．scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research

D．unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research

正确答案：A

解析：作者在短文开头告知我们：”科学，在实践中与其说依靠事先准备的

实验，不如说依靠实验观察者有所准备的头脑”。接着作者以牛顿为例，进一步

阐明了科学家应具有喜欢探索、富于好奇的头脑、以及不可预知性才是科研的一

个重要特性这一主题。这与答案选项的意思一致。

73． The author asserts that scientists ______.

A．shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought

B．shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things

C．should write more concise reports for technical journals

D．should be confident about their research findings

正确答案：B

解析：短文第2段告诉我们：”不可预测性是科学研究的不可少的一个重要

特征。如果没有不可预测现象，就用不着研究了”。由此可知，选项”科学家要敢

于思索不可预料的事，这一点他们不应忽视”与作者的观点一致，故为正确答案。

74． It seems that some young scientists ______.

A．have a keen interest in prediction

B．often speculate on the future

C．think highly of creative thinking

D．stick to “scientific method”

正确答案：D

解析：作者在短文第三段开头告知我们，在与一些科学家，特别是青年科学

家交谈时，你可能会形成这样一种印象：在他们看来，”科学方法”是可以取代富

于想象的方法的。这与选项”一些青年科学家似乎对科学方法深信不疑”的意思一

致，故为正确答案。

75． The author implies that the results of scientific research ______.

A．may not be as profitable as they are expected

B．can be measured in dollars and cents

C．rely on conformity to a standard pattern

D．are mostly underestimated by management

正确答案：A

解析：作者在短文第4段第3句告知我们，如果实验完全按科学杂志报告中

所陈述的那样按事先的计划去设计完成，那么管理部门可以期待研究成果用美

元、美分来衡量，这完全符合逻辑。言外之意，科学实验中总是会存在一些难以

预测的现象，所产生的结果有时也难以预测到，因此不能肯定有效益。由此可以

推断，选项”可能不像预料的那样有利可图”为正确答案。