新东方托福学习前测试试题

TOEFL ibt

测试卷R

测试时间：

测评教师：

学生姓名：

测评地点：

学员成绩： /120

Time: 60 minutes

Score:

READING SECTION DIRECTIONS

The reading section measures your ability to read and understand

passages in English. For most questions, you will choose the one best

answer of four possible answers. You have 20 minutes to read the passage

and answer all of the questions.

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Reading 1 “Layers of Social Class”

Taken together, income, occupation, and education are good measures of people’s

social standing. Using a layered model of stratification, most sociologists describe the

class system in the United States as divided into several classes: upper, upper middle,

lower middle, and lower class. Each class is defined by characteristics such as income,

occupational prestige, and educational attainment. The different groups are arrayed

along a continuum with those with the most money, education, and prestige at the top

and those with the least at the bottom.

In the United States, the upper class owns the major share of corporate and

personal wealth; it includes those who have held wealth for generations as well as

those who have recently become rich. Only a very small proportion of people actually

constitute the upper class, but they control vast amounts of wealth and power in the

United States. They exercise enormous control throughout society. Most of their

wealth is inherited.

→ Despite social myths to the contrary, the best predictor of future wealth is the

family into which you are born. Each year, the business magazine Forbes publishes a

list of the “Forbes 400” – the four hundred wealthiest families and individuals in the

country. Of all the wealth represented on the Forbes 400 list, more than half is

inherited. Those on the list who could be called “self-made” were not typically of

modest origins; most inherited significant assets (Forbes, 1997; Sklar and Collins,

1997). Those in the upper class with newly acquired wealth are known as the nouveau

riche. Although they may have vast amounts of money, they are often not accepted

into “old rich” circles.

→ The upper middle class includes those with high incomes and high social prestige.

They tend to be well-educated professionals or business executives. Their earnings

can be quite high indeed-successful business executives can earn millions of dollars a

year. It is difficult to estimate exactly how many people fall into this group because of

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the difficulty of drawing lines between the upper, upper middle, and middle class.

Indeed, the upper middle class is often thought of as “middle class” because their

lifestyle sets the standard to which many aspire, but this lifestyle is simply beyond the

means of a majority of people in the United States.

→ The middle class is hard to define; in part, being “middle class” is more than just

economic position. By far the majority of Americans identify themselves as middle

class even though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources at their disposal. But

the idea that the United States is an open-class system leads many to think that the

majority have a middle-class lifestyle because, in general, people ten not to want to

recognize class distinctions in the United States. Thus, the middle class becomes the

ubiquitous norm even though many who call themselves middle class have tenuous

hold on this class position.

In the hierarchy of social class, the lower middle class include workers in the

skilled trades and low-income bureaucratic workers, many of whom may actually

define themselves as middle class. Examples are blue-collar workers (those in skilled

trades who do manual labor) and many service workers, such as secretaries,

hairdressers, waitresses, police, and firefighters. Medium to low income, education,

and occupational prestige define the lower middle class relative to the class groups

above it. The term “lower” in this class designation refers to the relative position of

the group in the stratification system, but it has a pejorative sound to many people,

especially to people who are members of this class.

→ The lower class is composed primarily of the displaced and poor. People in this

class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working in

minimum-wage jobs. [A] Forty percent of the poor work; 10 percent work year-round

And full time – a proportion that has generally increased over time. Recently, the

concept of the underclass has been added to the lower class. [B] The underclass

includes those who have been left behind by contemporary economic developments.

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[C] Rejected from the economic system, those in the underclass may become

dependent on public assistance or illegal activities. [D]

1. The word those in the passage refers to

A) characteristics

B) groups

C) classes

D) continuum

2. The word enormous in the passage is closest in meaning to

A) very large

B) very new

C) very early

D) very good

3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted

statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out

important information.

A) Although it is not generally accepted, your family provides the best

prediction of your future wealth.

B) You can achieve great future wealth in spite of the family in which you may

have been born.

C) It is not true that your family will restrict the acquisition of your future

wealth and level of social status.

D) Social myths are contrary to the facts about the future wealth and social

status of your family.

4. Why does the author mention the “Forbes 400” in paragraph 3?

A) To explain the meaning of the listing that appears every year

B) To support the statement that most wealthy people inherit their money

C) To cast doubt on the claim that family income predicts individual wealth

D) To give examples of successful people who have modest family connections

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Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]

5. In paragraph 4, the author states that business and professional people with

educational advantages are most often members of the

A) lower middle class

B) upper middle class

C) nouveau riche

D) upper class

Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow [→]

6. The word primarily in the passage is closest in meaning to

A) mostly

B) somewhat

C) finally

D) always

7. The word contemporary in the passage is closest in meaning to

A) unexpected

B) modern

C) strategic

D) reliable

8. According to paragraph 5, why do most people identify themselves as middle

class in the United States?

A) They have about the same lifestyle as everyone else in the country.

B) They prefer not to admit that there are class distinctions in the United States.

C) They don’t really know how to define their status because it is unclear.

D) They identify themselves with the majority who have normal lifestyles.

Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow [→]

9. What can be inferred about poor people in the United States?

A) They are not able to find entry-level jobs

B) They work in jobs that require little education.

C) They are service workers and manual laborers.

D) They do not try to find employment.

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10. According to paragraph 7,why has the underclass emerged?

A) The new term was necessary because the lower class enjoyed a higher

lifestyle than it had previously.

B) The increase in crime has supported a new class of people who live by

engaging in illegal activities.

C) Changes in the economy have caused an entire class of people to survive by

welfare or crime.

D) Minimum-wage jobs no longer support a class of people at a standard level

in the economic system.

Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow [→]

11. All of the following are indicators of prestige in the United States EXCEPT

A) the level of education that a person has achieved

B) the amount of money that an individual has acquired

C) the type of employment that someone pursues

D) the hard work that a person does on a consistent basis

12. Look at the four squares [■] that show where the following sentence could be

inserted in the passage.

The working poor constitute a large portion of those who are poor.

Where could the sentence best be added?

Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.

13. Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below.

Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the

most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the

summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are

minor points from the passage.

This question is worth 2 points.

The levels of education, the acquisition of wealth, and occupational prestige

determine social status in the United States.



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



Answer Choices

[A] People who have made their money more recently tend not to be accepted by

those who have inherited their wealth from family holdings.

[B] The lower class includes working people with low incomes and a new underclass

of people who are dependent on welfare or engage in crime.

[C] The upper class tends to acquire wealth through inheritance, whereas the upper

middle class has a high income that they earn in their professions.

[D] Although the lifestyle of the upper middle class is the goal for the majority, it is

difficult for many people to maintain this standard of living.

[E] Most people identify themselves as middle class, including blue-collar workers

and service workers as well as bureaucratic employees.

[F] It is still possible to move from one social class to another in the United States by

working your way up the ladder in a corporate environment.

Reading 2 “THE ART OF THEATRE”

The means by which an art form presents its message is referred to as the medium.

Thus, sound produced by instruments or human voices is the medium of music. Paint

on canvas or paper is the medium of painting. For literature, the medium is written

language. For theatre, it is a story performed by actors on a stage.

Drama is sometimes seen as a branch of literature because plays, like literature,

are often printed in book form. However, there is an important difference between the

two forms. Unlike a novel, a play is written to be performed, and the script of a play is

not a finished work; it is an outline for a performance. The physical production of the

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play—the scenery, lighting, and costumes—will affect the performance, and so will

the actors. How the actors interpret their roles greatly influences the play’s effect on

the audience.

The basic encounter in theatre is between the performers and the audience. This is

a special type of encounter because the performers are playing other people,

characters. Moreover, the characters are part of a human story that has been written by

a dramatist. This combination of elements distinguishes theatre from other art

forms.

Theatre has several other distinctive characteristics. First, the subject matter of

theatre is always human beings. Second, theatre is universal—there is an impulse

toward creating theatre in all societies. Third, theatre is transitory in nature—a play is

an event that occurs through time. Finally, theatre is set apart by its basic elements:

audience, performers, director, dramatist, purpose, viewpoint, and setting.

Human beings and human concerns are always the subject matter of drama, even

when the performers play animals, object, or abstract ideas. In the medieval play

Everyman, some of the roles are abstract ideas such as Beauty, Knowledge, and

Strength. The central character is Everyman, a human character, and the subject is

death arriving before we want it to come—a theme that is universal to humans. The

focus of drama is on human beings, even though different human concerns have been

emphasized in different plays.

In view of the human—centered quality of theatre, it is not surprising that the

impulse toward theatre is universal. The urge to create drama has existed wherever

human society has developed: in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas. In

every culture recorded in history or studied by anthropologists, we find rituals,

ceremonies, and celebrations that include elements of theatre. At various times, these

ceremonies and stories developed into a separate realm of theatre. In Greece, a fully

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developed theatre emerged almost 2,500 years ago. In India, theatre became

well-established around 2,000 years ago. Wherever theatre has become a separate art

form, it has had certain essential qualities: a story—the play—is presented by one

group—the performers—to another group—the audience.

One special quality of a theatre performance is its immediacy. In the theatre, we

live in the perpetual present tense. Theatre is a transitory art. A performance changes

from moment to moment, and each moment is a direct, immediate adventure for the

audience. The transitory nature of theatre is a quality it shares with music and dance,

and sets it apart from literature and the visual arts. A novel or a painting is a fixed

object; it exists as a finished product. The performing art, on the other hand, are not

objects but events. Theatre occurs through time; it is an experience created by a series

of sights, sounds, and impressions.

14. How does the art of theatre convey its message?

A) An instrument or voice produces sound.

B) A camera converts light to images on film.

C) People perform a story for another group.

D) A person writes a story for others to read.

15. The author discusses literature in paragraph 2 in order to illustrate what point?

A) Literature and drama are both written forms of communication.

B) Reading a novel and attending a play are different experiences.

C） Both novelists and dramatists use an outline to organize ideas.

D) Many actors prefer roles from classic works of literature.

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sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted

sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or

leave out essential information.

A) A play’s scenery, lighting, and costumes contribute to the message of the play.

B) Theatre is the only art form that mixes more than one medium in a single

work of art.

C) A successful dramatist knows how to blend purpose, viewpoint, and theme

into a unique performance.

D) Theatre is a distinct art form by the way it joins characters and audience in the

telling of a story.

does the author mention Everyman in paragraph 5?

A) To show that definition of theatre has evolved over time

B) To give an example of a play in which abstract ideas are characters

C) To compare the importance of beauty, knowledge, and strength

D) To illustrate the universal human desire to create theatre

word theme in paragraph 5 refers to

A) performers playing animals, objects, or ideas

B) death arriving before we want it to come

C) beauty, knowledge, and strength

D) Everyman as a central character

word urge in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to

A) money

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B) education

C) motivation

D) patience

word realm in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to

A) form

B) ritual

C) science

D) tool

of the following can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the development of

theatre?

A) In every human society, theatre appeared before other forms of art.

B) Theatre could not have developed without the support of political leaders.

C) People created theatre as a way to promote peace between rival groups.

D) Theatre emerged as a distinct art form at different times around the world.

word transitory in paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to

A) temporary

B) beautiful

C) surprising

D) expressive

is theatre similar to the other performing arts?

A) It is based on works of literature.

B) It exits as a finished product.

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C) It is an event that occurs through time.

D) It is presented the same way every time.

ing to the passage, all of the following are true of theatre EXCEPT

A) The impulse toward theatre is universal.

B) The medium of theatre is written language.

C) Theatre is a distinct form of art.

D) The focus of theatre is always human.

at the four squares, [A] [B] [C] and [D], which indicate where the following

sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?

Thus, theatre is a shared event, an experience that includes both those who

perform and who observe.

In view of the human—centered quality of theatre, it is not surprising that the impulse

toward theatre is universal. [A] The urge to create drama has existed wherever human

society has developed: in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas. In every

culture recorded in history or studied by anthropologists, we find rituals, ceremonies,

and celebrations that include elements of theatre. [B] At various times, these

ceremonies and stories developed into a separate realm of theatre. In Greece, a fully

developed theatre emerged almost 2,500 years ago. In India, theatre became

well-established around 2,000 years ago. [C] Wherever theatre has become a separate

art form, it has had certain essential qualities: a story—the play—is presented by one

group—the performers—to another group—the audience. [D]

introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.

Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most

important ideas in this passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary

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because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in

the passage.

Several qualities distinguish theatre from other forms of art.







Answer Choices

A) Theatre is a form of literature because we can read plays in books.

B) Theatre requires a human story, performers, and an audience.

C) An actor must change his voice to play certain characters.

D) The tendency toward creating theatre occurs in all human societies.

E) Theatre developed as a separate art very early in Greece and India.

F) Each theatre performance is an immediate yet transitory experience.

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Time: 60 minutes

Score:

LISTENING SECTION DIRECTIONS

The listening section measures your ability to understand conversations

and lectures in English. You will hear two conversations and one lecture,

each only one time. After each conversation or lecture, you will hear

some questions about it. Answer all the questions based on what the

speakers state or imply.

You may take notes while you listen and use your notes to help you

answer the questions. You have approximately 15 minutes to complete

this section. Please don’t look at the questions until the conversation or

lecture is over.

Listening 1 “Professor’s office”

1. Why does the man go to see his professor?

A) To take a makeup test for a class that he missed

B) To explain why he has been absent from class

C) To turn in an extra credit project to the professor

D) To ask the professor how to bring up his grade

C) Why did Ernie get a low grade on the last test?

a) He does not understand the material.

b) He is not a very good student.

c) He did not have time to finish it.

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d) He was in a hurry to leave the class.

D) What do we know about the test?

a) There were 100questions on it.

b) It was worth 25 percent of the final grade.

c) The test was an extra credit assignment.

d) The questions were very difficult.

E) Why does the professor say this:

a) Because she doesn’t understand what the man wants her to do

b) Because she has finished the discussion about the man’s problem

c) Because she wants the man to be more specific about his plan

d) Because she does not want to do what the man suggests

F) What can be inferred about the professor?

a) She tries to be fair to all of her students.

b) She is not very flexible about her policies.

c) She does not have very many students.

d) She is not sure what she wants to do.

Listening 2 “Anthropology Class”

G) Which of the following is the main topic of the lecture?

a) A progressive view of agriculture

b) The conditions for the development of agriculture

c) A comparison of hunter-gatherers and farmers

d) The negative effects of agriculture on early farmers

H) What are two key characteristics of hunter-gatherers mentioned in the lecture?

a) They were taller than farmers.

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b) They ate less well than farmers

c) They lived longer than farmers.

d) They were less physically fit than farmers.

I) Why does the professor say this:

a) To emphasize the point that he has just made

b) To indicate that another point will be made

c) To demonstrate that the point is his opinion

d) To regain the student’s attention for the next point

J) How does the professor organize his lecture?

a) He contrasts older theories of agriculture with newer ones.

b) He makes an argument for the revisionist view of agriculture.

c) He defines revisionism by giving examples of early farmers.

d) He provides a chronological account of early farmers.

10. Which of the following statements best summarizes the position of the

revisionists?

A) The agricultural revolution affected all human activity.

B) The development of agriculture had a positive influence on nutrition.

C) Agriculture contributed to the health risks for early farmers.

D) Agriculture people had to move from place to place to plant crops.

11. In the lecture, the professor describes the relationship between health and

agriculture. Indicate whether each of the following is true or false. Click in the

correct box for each phrase.

A Epidemics were spread by crowded towns and trade.

B Crop failures threatened the entire population.

YES

NO

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C Wars with invading hunter-gatherers devastated them.

D Unbalanced diets contributed to malnutrition.

E Hard labor damaged their bones.

Listening 3 “Business Class”

12. What is the lecture mainly about?

A) Commercials on television

B) Marketing brand-name products

C) A book by Rob Frankel

D) Selling Aunt Ruby’s chicken

13. Why does the professor say this :

A) To emphasize the importance of commercials

B) To correct something that he said earlier

C) To identify the time limits for most commercials

D) To relate new information to a previous example

14. According to the professor, why do consumers develop brand loyalty?

A) They have a relationship with the personality that the product projects.

B) They are able to recognize the brand easily when they see it.

C) They tend to make decisions based on recommendations by friends

D) They find a product that they like and continue to buy it.

15. How does the professor emphasize his point about branding?

A) He uses Aunt Ruby’s chicken as an example.

B) He defines it by contrasting it with related concepts.

C) He refers to a book that he has written.

D) He shows a familiar commercial in class.

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16. Why does the professor mention laundry detergent?

A) To give an example of price wars

B) To show that consumers buy different brands

C) To name an industry that introduces new brands

D) To explain the concept of brand loyalty

17. According to the professor, what would be a good way to sell a product?

A) Design a good logo to present the product to the public

B) Hire a celebrity that customers like and relate to

C) Make it easy for consumers to recognize the packaging

D) Increase the customer service for the product

Listening 4 “Students on Campus”

18. What is the purpose of this conversation?

A) The man wants to borrow the woman’s lab notes.

B) The woman is helping the man to write a report.

C) The man asks the woman to study for their test with him.

D) The woman and the man are performing an experiment.

19. What is the study about?

A) Reaction times for drivers drinking alcohol in comparison with those of

nondrinkers

B) The effects of drinking beer as compared with those of drinking gin and tonic.

C) The time that it takes to stop a car going 35 miles per hour when the brakes are

applied.

D) The problems of riding bicycles on college campuses that have 35

mile-per-hour speed limits.

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20. According to the man, why is it important to mention that the subjects were

randomly selected ?

A) The random selection explains why the results were so general.

B) This information allows another researcher to repeat the experiment.

C) The lab assistant included it in the example that the students received.

D) Randomly selected subjects assure researchers of an accurate outcome.

21. Why does the woman say this:

A) She is not sure about her observation.

B) She is insulting the man with this comment.

C) She is certain the man agrees with her.

D) She is asking for the man’s opinion.

22. Which section includes the conclusions?

A) Discussion

B) Results

C) Chart

D) Introduction

Listening 5 “Biology Class”

23. What aspect of blood does the professor mainly discuss?

A) An explanation of stem cells

B) A process for blood transfusion

C) A method for producing artificial blood

D) A discussion of blood typing

24. Why does the student say this:

A) She is apologizing for disagreeing with the professor.

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B) She is interrupting politely to ask a question.

C) She is talking to herself during the lecture.

D) She is changing the subject of the professor’s talk.

25. Why does the professor mention fingerprints?

A) To demonstrate that blood types are different for individuals

B) To explain how most of the blood tests are performed

C) To explain why O blood is considered universal

D) To help students remember the different antigens

26. In cross matching, how does a compatible match appear under the microscope?

A) All of the cells are at an equal distance from each other.

B) The arrangement of the cells looks like two parallel lines.

C) The cells tend to group together in a large clump.

D) The red cells and the plasma separate in an irregular pattern.

27. Why does the professor mention artificial blood?

A) She is referring to the textbook.

B) She is answering a question.

C) She is reporting her research.

D) She is joking with the students.

28. What does the professor imply when she says this :

A) She is very uncertain about the risks of the research.

B) She is somewhat interested in doing research in this area.

C) She is with drawing her support for future research.

D) She agrees that research should continue in spite of problems.

Listening 6 “Orientation session”

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29. What is this discussion mainly about?

A) Success in college

B) How to read faster

C) Academic study skills

D) Research on college students

30. How does the professor organize the discussion?

A) She cites research to support her arguments.

B) She gives a demonstration of her theory.

C) She debates the issues with her students.

D) She shares strategies that she developed.

31. Why does the professor mention running?

A) To digress from the topic with a personal story

B) To make a comparison between reading and running

C) To show that reading requires physical effort

D) To clarify the times two rule

32. Why does the professor say this:

A) She doesn’t think the point is very important.

B) She is trying to finish the lecture on time.

C) She thinks the idea will fit in better later on.

D) She doesn’t want the student to interrupt her.

33. The professor mentions several negative habits. Match these habits to the

explanations. Click on the habit and drag it to the correct explanation.

Habit

Explanation

Pauses that the eye makes

Reading the same words more than once

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A) Fixating

B) Auditory reading

C) Regressing

Moving your lips while reding

34. What would the professor probably like the students to do?

A) Spend more time studying outside of class

B) Use their dictionaries when they are reading

C) Take one of her classes at the college

D) Get help at the Learning Center

Time: 60 minutes

Score:

WRITING SECTION DIRECTIONS

The writing section measures your ability to use writing to communicate

in an academic environment. You will answer a question based on your

own knowledge and experience. You have 30 minutes to plan and write

your response.

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You will write an essay in response to a question that asks you to express, explain,

and support your opinion on a topic. Typically an effective essay will have a

minimum of 300 words. Your essay will be evaluated on the quality of your writing,

including the organization and development of your ideas and the quality and

accuracy of the language you use to express your ideas.

Read the question below and make any notes that will help you plan your response.

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Advertising influences people’s behavior in a negative way.

Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Writing Time: 60 minutes

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