阅读理解真题考研英语

阅读理解真题考研英语

阅读理解真题考研英语1

Text 3

Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the

deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS)

and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both

sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading

artificial intelligence (AI) panies in the world. The

potential of this work applied to healthcare is very

great, but it could also lead to further

concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is

against that background that the information

missioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning

verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under

the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of

1.6 million patients In 20XX on the basis of a vague

agreement which took far too little account of the

patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.

DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has

mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may

be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be

carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary

permissions have been asked of patients and all

unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons

about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy

is not the only angle in this case and not even the

most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the

blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it

“controlled” the data and DeepMind merely

“processed" it. But this distinction misses the

point that it is processing and aggregation, not the

mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.

The great question is who should benefit from the

analysis of all the data that our lives now generate.

Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an

individual from identifiable knowledge about them.

That misses the way the surveillance economy works.

The data of an individual there gains its value only

when it is pared with the data of countless millions

more.

The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in

this instance feels slightly maladapted. This

practice does not address the real worry. It is not

enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops

will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is

that they will belong to a private monopoly which

developed them using public resources. If software

promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can,

big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has

done. We are still at the beginning of this

revolution and small choices now may turn out to have

gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be

needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms

Denham's report is a wele start.

is true of the agreement between the NHS

and DeepMind ?

[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.

[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s

rights.

[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations

[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.

32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict

with

[A] empty promises.

[B] tough resistance.

[C] necessary adjustments.

[D] sincere apologies.

author argues in Paragraph 2 that

[A] privacy protection must be secured at all

costs.

[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling

it.

[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.

[D] the value of data es from the processing of it

ing to the last paragraph, the real worry

arising from this deal is

[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.

[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.

[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.

[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.

author's attitude toward the application of

AI to healthcare is

[A] ambiguous.

[B] cautious.

[C] appreciative.

[D] contemptuous.

阅读理解真题考研英语2

Text 3

The rough guide to marketing success used to be

that you got what you paid for. No longer. While

traditional “paid” media – such as television

mercials and print advertisements – still play a

major role， panies today can exploit many

alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate

about a product may create “owned” media by sending

e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers

registered with its Web site. The way consumers now

approach the broad range of factors beyond

conventional paid media.

Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers

promoting their own products. For earned media ，

such marketers act as the initiator for

users‘ responses. But in some cases， one

marketer’s owned media bee another marketer‘s paid

media – for instance， when an e-merce retailer

sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold

media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that

other organizations place their content or e-merce

engines within that environment. This trend ，which

we believe is still in its infancy， effectively

began with retailers and travel providers such as

airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.

Johnson & Johnson， for example， has created

BabyCenter， a stand-alone media property that

promotes plementary and even petitive products.

Besides generating ine， the presence of other

marketers makes the site seem objective， gives

panies opportunities to learn valuable information

about the appeal of other panies’ marketing， and

may help expand user traffic for all panies concerned.

The same dramatic technological changes that have

provided marketers with more (and more diverse)

munications choices have also increased the risk that

passionate consumers will voice their opinions in

quicker， more visible， and much more damaging ways.

Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned

media： an asset or campaign bees hostage to

consumers， other stakeholders， or activists who

make negative allegations about a brand or product.

Members of social networks， for instance， are

learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure

on the businesses that originally created them.

If that happens， passionate consumers would try

to persuade others to boycott products， putting the

reputation of the target pany at risk. In such a

case， the pany‘s response may not be sufficiently

quick or thoughtful， and the learning curve has been

steep. Toyota Motor， for example， alleviated some

of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this

year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated

social-media response campaign， which included

efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites

such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.

ers may create “earned” media when they

are

[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web

sites.

[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to

them.

[C] eager to help their friends promote quality

products.

[D] enthusiastic about remending their favorite

products.

32. According to Paragraph 2，sold media feature

[A] a safe business environment.

[B] random petition.

[C] strong user traffic.

[D] flexibility in organization.

33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that

earned media

[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate

consumers.

[B] can be used to produce negative effects in

marketing.

[C] may be responsible for fiercer petition.

[D] deserve all the negative ments about them.

34. Toyota Motor‘s experience is cited as an

example of

[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.

[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.

[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.

[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.

35. Which of the following is the text mainly

about ?

[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.

[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.

[C] Dominance of hijacked media.

[D] Popularity of owned media.

阅读理解真题考研英语3

Text 3

Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have

gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats

facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to

climate change. You might even be tempted to assume

that humanity has little future to look forward to.

But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil

record shows that many species have endured for

millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a

broader look at our species' place in the universe,

and it bees clear that we have an excellent chance of

surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of

years (see "100,000 AD: Living in the deep future").

Look up Homo sapiens in the IUCN's "Red List" of

threatened species, and you will read: "Listed as

Least Concern as the species is very widely

distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and

there are no major threats resulting in an overall

population decline."

So what does our deep future hold? A growing

number of researchers and organisations are now

thinking seriously about that question. For example,

the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has

created a forum where thinkers and scientists are

invited to project the implications of their ideas

over very long timescales. Its flagship project is a