专业英语八级(改错)模拟试卷38(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级（改错）模拟试卷38

(题后含答案及解析)

题型有： 4. PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION

PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15

MIN)Directions: Proofread the given passage. The passage contains TEN errors. Each

indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is

involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:(1)For

a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank

provided at the end of the line.(2)For a missing word, mark the position of the missing

word with a “∧” sign and write t

The Moralization Switch The starting point for appreciating that

there is a distinctive part of our psychology for morality is seeing how moral

judgments differ from otherkind of opinions we have on how people ought to behave.

Moralization is a (1)______psychological state that can be turned on and off like

switch, and when it is (2)______on, a distinctive mind-set commandeers our thinking.

This is the mind-setthat makes us deem actions moral (“killing is wrong”), rather than

merely (3)______disagreeable (“I hate brussels sprouts”), unfashionable

(“bell-bottoms are out”) or imprudent (“don’t scratch mosquito bites”). The first

hallmark ofmoralization is the rules it invokes are felt to be universal. Prohibitions of

(4) ____rape and murder, for example, are felt not to be matters of local custom as

(5)______ to be universally and objectively warranted. One can easily say, “I don’t

likebrussels sprouts, but I don’t care if you ate them,” but no one would say, “I

(6)______don’t like killing, but I don’t care if you murder someone.” The other

hallmark is that people feel that those who commit immoral acts deserve to

bepunished. Not only is it allowable to inflict pain to a person who has broken

(7)______a moral rule; it is wrong not to, to “let them get away from it.” People are

(8)______thus untroubled in inviting divine retribution or the power of the state to

harm other people they deem it immoral. Bertrand Russell wrote, “The in- (9)______

fliction of cruelty with a good conscience is a delight to moralists—that is how

(10)______ they invented hell.”

1． (1)

正确答案：kind — kinds

解析：此处指除道德判断以外的所有其他看法，是复数，因此kind应改为

kinds。 知识模块：改错

2． (2)

正确答案：∧switch — a

解析：switch作名词时，意思是“开关”，是可数名词，所以添加不定冠词

a。 知识模块：改错

3． (3)

正确答案：moral — immoral

解析：根据句意“正是这种心理定势让我们判断某些行为是不道德的(“谋

杀是错的”)、令人不快的(“我讨厌小椰菜”)……”此处应为immoral。 知识

模块：改错

4． (4)

正确答案：is∧the — that

解析：系动词is后面的从句是一个表语从句，这种从句的引导词that不能

省略。 知识模块：改错

5． (5)

正确答案：as — but

解析：本句是not．．．but(不是……而是)这个搭配，matters of local custom中

的local跟后面的universally相对，可以判断是意思相反的并列关系。 知识模块：

改错

6． (6)

正确答案：ate — eat

解析：主句的动词用的是don’t care，所以if从句里应该是一般现在时。本

句是陈述语气，主从句应该一致。 知识模块：改错

7． (7)

正确答案：第二个to — on/upon

解析：动词inflict的搭配是inflict sth．on／upon sb．，因此介词to改为on

或者upon。 知识模块：改错

8． (8)

正确答案：from — with

解析：get away from的意思是“从……离开”，get away with的意思是“做

成(坏事或错事)而不受惩罚”。 知识模块：改错

9． (9)

正确答案：it — /

解析：关系分句they deem immoral修饰other people，deem的宾语是被省略

的关系代词who或whom，此处的it是多余的。 知识模块：改错

10． (10)

正确答案：how —why

解析：本句大意是“对道德家来说，良心不受谴责地施行冷酷的惩罚是一种

愉悦。——这就是为什么他们发明了地狱。”无法理解为“这就是他们如何发明

地狱的”，所以how应该改为why。 知识模块：改错

Why don’t people just say what they mean? The reason is that

conversational partners are not modems downloading information into each other’s

brains. People are very, very touchy about their relationships. Whenever we speak to

someone, you are presuming (1)______two of you have a certain degree of familiarity

—which (2)______your words might alter. So every sentence has to do twothings for

once: convey a message and continue to negotiate (3)______with that relationship.

The clearest example is ordinary politeness. When (4)______you are at a dinner party

and want the salt, you don’t blurt out, “Gimme thesalt.” So, you use what linguists

call a whimperative, as in “Do you think (5)______you could pass the salt?” or “If

you could pass the salt, that will be awe- (6)______some.” Taken literally, these

sentences are inane. The second is an overstatement, and the answer to the first is

obvious. Fortunately, the hearer assumesthat the speaker is irrational and listens

between the lines. Yes, your point (7)______is to request the salt, but you’re doing it

in such a way that first takes careto establish what linguist call “felicity conditions”,

or the prerequisites to (8)______make a sensible request. The underlying rationale is

that the hearer not be (9)______given a command but simply is asked or advised

about one of the necessary (10)______conditions for passing the salt. Your goal is to

have your need satisfied without treating the listener as a flunky who can be bossed

around at will.

11． (1)

正确答案：we — you

解析：上下文中表示泛指的代词都是you，所以we应该改为you。 知识模

块：改错

12． (2)

正确答案：∧two —the

解析：此处一共只有两人，要表达的意思是“你们两个人”，而two of you

的意思是“你们中的两个人”，所以需要添加定冠词the。 知识模块：改错

13． (3)

正确答案：for — at

解析：句子大意是“所以每个句子同时在做两件事情”，表达“同时”的含

义，应该用atonce而不是for once(做一次)。 知识模块：改错

14． (4)

正确答案：with — /

解析：negotiate with的意思是“跟某人谈判”，此处的宾语是that relationship，

所以不通。而negotiate还可以做及物动词，意思是“通过谈判建立(条约、协议、

关系)”，所以应该删掉with。 知识模块：改错

15． (5)

正确答案：So — Rather或Instead

解析：前一句的大意是“当你在一个晚宴上需要盐的时候，你不会突兀地说

‘把盐给我’”，本句的意思是“你会采用语言学家所说的间接的说法，比如……”。

两者之间有转折关系，所以不能用so，应该用rather或instead。需要注意的是，

此处不能用however或者nevertheless等表示让步的连接性状语。 知识模块：改

错

16． (6)

正确答案：will — would

解析：本句是日常会话中表示礼貌的常用说法，if从句用虚拟语气，主句也

应保持一致。另一种改法是把could去掉，使句子成为陈述语气，不够恰当。 知

识模块：改错

17． (7)

正确答案：irrational — rational

解析：根据句首的fortunately(幸运的是)，这里的意思应该是听话人认为讲

话人是理性的(rational)，而不是非理性的(irrational)。 知识模块：改错

18． (8)

正确答案：linguist — linguists

解析：linguist是可数名词，一般以复数形式或者a linguist的形式出现，由

于动词的形式是call，所以应该用linguists，而且上文也出现过同样的说法。 知

识模块：改错

19． (9)

正确答案：make — making

解析：prerequisites(前提)跟介词to搭配，意思是“……的前提”，不能跟不

定式to搭配，所以make应该改为making。 知识模块：改错

20． (10)

正确答案：is — be

解析：前面的分句thehearer。not be given a command中，be以原形出现，

由于but是并列连词，前后应该对称，因而此处的is也应该用原形，所以改为

be。 知识模块：改错

I see no conflict in what the Bible tells me about God and what science tells

me about nature. Like St. Augustine in A.D. 400, I do not findthe wording of Genesis

1 and 2 to suggest a scientific textbook or a power- (1)_____ful and poetic description

of God’s intentions in creating the universe. Themechanics of creation is left

unspecified. If God, who is all powerful and (2)______who is limited by space and

time, chose to use the mechanism of evolution (3)______to create you and me, who

are us to say that wasn’t an absolutely elegant (4)______plan? And if God has now

given us the intelligence and the opportunity todiscover his methods, which is

something to celebrate. I lead the Human (5)____Genome Project, which has now

revealed all of the 3 billion letters of our own DNA instruction book. I am also a

Christian. For me scientific discovery is also an occasion of worship. Nearly no

working biologists accept that (6)______ the principles of variation and natural

selection explain how multiple species evolved like a common ancestor over very

long periods of time. I find no (7)compelling examples that this process is insufficient

to explain a rich variety (8)______of life forms present in this planet. While no one

could claim yet to have (9)____ferreted out every detail of how evolution works, I do

not see any significant “gaps” in the progressive development of life’s complex

structures that would not require divine intervention. (10) ______

21． (1)

正确答案：or — but

解析：本文讲的是科学和宗教的关系。本句大意是“我觉得《圣经》的创世

纪1和2的用词不是一本科学的教科书，而是对上帝创造世界的意图的有力而又

有诗意的描述。”句中是not．．．but这个搭配，如果用not．．．or，那就成了“既

不是……也不是”，不通。 知识模块：改错

22． (2)

正确答案：mechanics — mechanism

解析：mechanics的意思是“力学”，mechanism的意思是“机制”，此处显

然应该用后者，而且后面的句子也再次提到了这个单词。 知识模块：改错

23． (3)

正确答案：∧limited — not

解析：本句要表达的意思是“如果全能的、不受时空限制的上帝……”，所

以应该添加not。借助平时的宗教知识，我们也应该知道，上帝是不受时空限制

的。 知识模块：改错

24． (4)

正确答案：us — we

解析：who are we to say是一个常用句式，意思是“我们有什么资格说……”。

一般都用主格we，不用宾格us。 知识模块：改错

25． (5)

正确答案：which — that或it

解析：本句大意是“如果上帝现在给了我们发现他的方法的智力和机会，那

是值得庆祝的”，前面的分句是if从句，此处应该是主句，不应该是which引导

的非限制性关系从句，所以which应该改为指示代词that或者人称代词it。根据

作者语气，that更好一些。 知识模块：改错

26． (6)

正确答案：no — all

解析：如果用no，就成了“几乎没有生物学家能接受变异和自然选择这些

原理能够解释……”。根据常识，生物学家应该是接受这些原理的，所以应该改

为all。 知识模块：改错

27． (7)

正确答案：like — from

解析：此处的意思是“从一个共同的祖先进化而来”，而不是“像一个共同

的祖先那样进化”，所以应该用from，而不是like。 知识模块：改错

28． (8)

正确答案：a — the

解析：本句要表达的意思是“解释生命形式的多样性”，而不是“解释许多

种类的生命形式”，所以此处不能用a variety of(各种各样的)这个短语，因此a应

该换成the。 知识模块：改错

29． (9)

正确答案：in — on