2010年专八真题点评(王长喜)

学英语 找长喜

整体格局参考专四真题点评，仍为8K，页眉左手页写“专四7套真题”，右手页写年代。

下面一套页眉写“2010年真题点评”，从第1页起排。

PARTⅠ LISTENING COMPREHENSION

SECTION A MINI-LECTURE

下面内容排三栏，注意按下面标注排列。左栏与中间栏之间要划线，留空。

左栏

Paralinguistic Features of Language

In face-to-face communication speakers often alter their tones of voices or change their

physical posture in order to convey messages. These means are called paralinguistic features of

language, which fall into two categories.

I. First category: vocal paralinguistic features

A. (1) : to express attitude or intention

B. examples

1. whispering: need for secrecy

2. breathiness: deep emotion

3. (2) : unimportance

4. nasality: anxiety

5. extra lip-rounding: greater intimacy

II. Second category: physical paralinguistic features

A. facial expressions

1. (3)

— smiling: signal of pleasure or welcome

2. less common expressions

— eyebrow raising: surprise or interest

— lip biting: (4)

B. gesture

Gestures are related to culture.

1. British culture

— shrugging shoulders: (5)

— scratching head: puzzlement

2. other cultures

— placing hand upon heart: (6)

— pointing at nose: secret

C. proximity, posture and echoing

1. proximity: physical distance between speakers

— closeness: intimacy or threat

— (7) : formality or absence of interest

Proximity is person-, culture- and (8) -specific.

2. posture

— hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indicate (9)

— direct level eye contact: to express an open or challenging attitude

3. echoing

— definition: imitation of similar posture

— (10) : aid in communication

— conscious imitation: mockery

中间

Paralinguistic features of languages

Good morning, everyone. Today we’ll continue our discussion on describing language. Last

week we examined such features of language as grammar, vocabulary, the sounds of language, etc.

In this lecture, we’ll look at another important aspect of language. Perhaps some of you may

1

学英语 找长喜

wonder what is this important aspect of language. Let me tell you. It refers to features of

communication that takes place without the use of grammar and vocabulary. They are called

“paralinguistic features of language”. These features fall into two broad categories: those that

involve voice and those that involve the body.

Now, the first category is what we call “vocal paralinguistic features”. (1)Vocal features are

actually tones of voice. While they are, perhaps, not central to meaning in communication in the

same way as grammar or vocabulary, they may, nevertheless, convey attitude or intention in some

way. Let me give you some examples. The first is whispering, which indicates the needs for

secrecy. The second is breathiness. This is to show deep emotion. (2)The third is huskiness, which

is to show unimportance. The fourth is nasality. This is to indicate anxiety. The last is extra

lip-rounding, which expresses greater intimacy, especially with babies, for example. So we can see

that there are a number of ways of altering our tones of voice. And when we do this consciously,

we do it to create different effects in communication.

Now, let’s come to the second category — physical paralinguistic features which involves

the body. In addition to convey meanings with tone of voice, we can also express our intentions

through the ways in which we use our bodies. You may ask: what are the ways, then? Let me cite

some brief examples. The expression on our face, the gestures we make and even proximity or

way we sit, are some of the ways we send powerful messages about how we feel or what we need.

Let me explain some of these in more detail. First, facial expression. Facial expression is a

powerful conveyer of meaning. (3)We all know smiling is an almost universal signal of pleasure

or welcome. But there are other facial expressions that may not be so common. For instance,

raising eye-brows — suggest that you are surprised or interested in something. (4)Other facial

actions, such as biting your lip, which indicates that you are deep in thinking, or are uncertain

about something; compressing the lips, which shows that you are making decisions; and a visible

clenching of the teeth, to show that you are angry, are all powerful conveyers of meaning, too.

The second in this category is gesture. You see, we use gesture to indicate a wide range of

meanings. Though I have to emphasize that the actual gestures we use may be specific to

particular cultures. That is to say, different cultures have their own favorite gestures in conveying

meaning. Here, a few examples may show you how powerful gestures can be. (5)In British

English behavior, shrugging shoulders may indicate an attitude of “I don’t care”, or “I don’t

know”. Crossing your arms may indicate relaxation. But it can also powerfully show you are

bored. Waving can mean welcome and farewell. While scratching your head may indicate that you

are at a loss. (6)In other cultures, placing your hand upon your heart is to indicate that you are

telling the truth. Pointing your finger at your nose means it’s a secret. That’s why we say that

gestures are culture bound.

The third is proximity, posture and echoing. Proximity refers to the physical distance

between speakers. This can indicate a number of things and can also be used to consciously send

messages about intent. Closeness, for example, indicates intimacy or threat to many speakers.

(7)But distance may show formality, or lack of interest. Once again, I’d like to say, proximity is

also both a matter of personal style, and is often culture bound. So, what may seem normal to a

speaker from one culture may appear unnecessarily close or distant to a speaker from another.

(8)And standing close to someone may be quite appropriate in some situations, such as an

informal party, but completely out of place in other situations, such as a meeting with a superior.

Next, posture. Posture means the way in which someone holds his or her body, especially the back,

shoulders and head, when standing, walking or sitting. A few examples. (9)Hunched shoulders and

a hanging head give a powerful indication of whether the person is happy or not. A lowered head

when speaking to a superior, with or without eye contact can convey the appropriate relationship

in some cultures. On the other hand, direct level eye contact changes the nature of interaction, and

can been seen as either open or challenging. Last, echoing. Now, what is echoing? Let me start

with an example. Some of you may have noticed this phenomenon in your experience. (10)When

two people are keen to agree each other, they would likely, though unconsciously adopt the same

posture, as if in imitation of each other. They sit or stand in the same manner. When used in this

way, echoing appears to complement the verbal communication. Of course, when such imitation is

carried out consciously, it often indicates that someone is mocking at another speaker.

Ok, in today’s lecture, we looked at some paralinguistic features, such as tone of voice,

gesture and posture. These features, together with linguistic features of language, like grammar or

vocabulary, are all part of the way we communicate with each other in face-to-face encounters. In

2

学英语 找长喜

our next lecture, we’ll watch some video material and see how people actually use paralinguistic

means in communication to express their intention or desire or mood.

右栏

1.【答案】tones of voice信息辨认

【解析】这篇讲座主要介绍副语言特征。作者首先谈到副语言特征分为两大类，第一类即

是语音特征。其定义是Vocal features are actually tones of voice…they may, nevertheless,

convey attitude or intention in some way，即语音特征是指语调在某种方式上能够表达态度

或意愿。故本空应填入tones of voice。

2.【答案】huskiness信息辨认

【解析】作者在介绍语音特征时举了五个例子，这里考查的是第三个例子。由The third is

huskiness, which is to show unimportance可知，本题答案为huskiness”粗哑声”。

3.【答案】universal signals/ universal expressions信息辨认

【解析】在介绍过语音特征之后，作者紧接着提到第二类副语言特征，即肢体的副语言特

征。作者首先介绍了面部表情，举例时首先提到微笑是一种universal signal of pleasure or

welcome，然后列举了”not be so common”的面部表情，即less common expressions，因此

本题与less common expressions相对，所以答案是universal signals或universal expressions。

4.【答案】thinking or uncertainty信息辨认

【解析】在介绍面部表情时，作者说biting your lip暗示you are deep in thinking, or are

uncertain about something。根据要求，填入的单词不能超过3个，并且所填词应为名词

形式，故答案为thinking or uncertainty。

5.【答案】lack of interest/ indifference信息转述

【解析】介绍了面部表情之后，作者随后谈到肢体的副语言特征的第二类：姿势。举例时

作者提到In British English behavior, shrugging shoulders may indicate an attitude of “I don’t

care”, or “I don’t know”，本空应该填入名词（短语），因此将I don’t care转述为lack of

interest或indifference。

6.【答案】truth/ honesty信息辨认

【解析】作者在介绍其他文化中一些动作所代表的含义时提到将手放在心上表示you are

telling the truth，故本空可直接填入truth，也可填入honesty。

7.【答案】distance信息辨认

【解析】作者最后谈到肢体的副语言特征的第三个方面。第7空应该与closeness相对应，

据此推测答案为distance。录音中的But distance may show formality, or lack of interest印

证了推测。

8.【答案】situation信息辨认

【解析】作者提到proximity与个人的行为方式和文化都有关系（both a matter of personal

style, and is often culture bound），然后又补充说距离近在某些场合是合适的，而在另一些

场合却又是不合适的，因此proximity还与场合有关，答案为situation。

9.【答案】mood信息转述

【解析】作者提到hunched shoulders and a hanging head预示着一个人是否高兴（whether the

person is happy or not），也就是预示着人的心情，故此处填mood。

10.【答案】unconscious echoing/ unconscious similar posture信息辨认

【解析】讲座中提到模仿行为对交流有辅助作用的前提是used in this way，这显然指前面

提到的无意识的模仿，因此空处应该填unconscious echoing或 unconscious similar posture。

SECTION B INTERVIEW

【听前预测】浏览各题干可知，采访对象是Dr Johnson。根据第1题的diversity，means以

及第4题和第5题的racial diversity，age diversity，religious diversity可以推测，采访过程中

Dr Johnson谈到了多样化或差异的含义以及种族差异、年龄差异和宗教差异。

3

学英语 找长喜

下面内容只能分两栏排列了

左栏

W: The word “diversity” has become a cliché in the United States today. It seems to me that

nowadays Americans cannot turn on the television or read a newspaper without seeing the

word pop up somewhere as a description of American demographic. Then what is this

diversity in the U.S.? Today we are very pleased to have Dr. James Johnson here on our talk

show. Welcome, Dr. Johnson.

M: Thanks.

W: Dr. Johnson, we know you have done an extensive research on diversity. So what is … how do

you define diversity in the American context?

M: Well, at one time, the U.S. was called “a melting pot”, you know, which means that people of

many different religions, cultures and races could shed their traditional cultural identities and

blend into one homogeneous nation.

W: Am I right in saying that a melting pot will emphasize the idea of all in one or being the same?

M: Yes, you may say so. Umm, of course, when the phrase “melting pot” was popular, there was

also the idea of being different, But being different then simply meant Catholic as opposed to

Protestant, or Irish as opposed to Swedish or Italian.

W: Has the idea of being different changed over the years?

M: Yes, of course. [1]You see today we use the word “diversity” to refer to more visible ethnic

differences — Asian American, African American and Latino, for instance. And religious

diversity refers to a variety of world religions, not merely different branches of Christianity.

W: And now is America as a whole truly diverse country?

M: Well, I think, in all this talk of diversity, there is a critical point that may be missed. That is,

[2]diversity is not occurring everywhere in the U.S., or at least not to a degree that would alter

the demography of every region in the country.

W: Oh, really?

M: I can give you an example. Recently, a New York Times’ article describes the town of

Selinsgrove in Pennsylvania. You see, in the last ten years, things have barely changed in that

town. The population has dropped by one from 5,384 to 5,383, and the town remains virtually

100% white. The article thus concludes that [2]many portions of the country remain, like

Selinsgrove, virtually unchanged on the march towards diversity.

W: So regions vary in terms of the degree and types of diversity?

M: That’s correct. Let’s see, there are 3 types of diversity in the U.S. and they differ from region to

region.

W: Could you elaborate on that?

M: OK. The first is the racial diversity. States with the most racially diverse populations stand in

stark contrast to those with the least racially diverse populations. Umm, let’s look at two states,

California and Maine. [3]From 1990 to 2000, California’s Caucasian population — meaning

non-Hispanic whites — declined from 57% to 48%. By 2025, it is predicted, that figure will

drop to just 34%, which indicates a future change in the racial composition of California. On

the contrary, Maine’s Caucasian population was 98% of its total population throughout the

1990s. And by 2025, Maine’s population will still be 97% Caucasian, which means virtually

no change in Maine’s racial diversity over the next 20 or so years.

W: This shows that racial diversity is not occurring everywhere. Then what about other types of

diversity?

M: Right. The second type of diversity is age diversity. And there’re some interesting age gaps

developing between states. For example, there is a large gap between the average age of the 5

stages with the youngest populations, and the 5 states with the oldest populations. This, of

course, is well-know. What is less discussed is the difference between the racial makeup of the

younger and older populations. [4]Most of the populations having the greatest racial diversity

are younger on average than the populations with greater Caucasian representation. It is also

well-know that Caucasians tend to be more affluent than other ethnic groups on average. In our

pay-as-you-go Social Security system, workers are taxed to pay the benefits of retirees, so this

could lead to a future, where wealth is systematically redistributed from younger, poorer

minorities, to older, wealthier whites.

W: This is a very interesting point. Then what is the third type of diversity in the U.S.?

M: The third is religious diversity. Immigration from India, Pakistan and the Middle East brought

4

学英语 找长喜

radically increasing numbers of Hindus and Muslims to the US. And Chinese, Vietnamese,

Japanese and other Asian immigrants increase the numbers of Buddhists.

W: Oh, I see.

M: [5]But the point is that these religions didn’t settle everywhere. They settled mainly in

Californian and major Northeastern and Midwestern cities, such as New York, Philadelphia,

Chicago and Minneapolis. From 1990 to 2000, the number of Muslims in New York City grew

from 600,000 to nearly one million. In the Los Angles area, there are now more than 300

Buddhist temples.

W: [2]So we see that many parts of the U.S. are truly becoming more diverse, while at the same

time, others are centrally remaining the same in terms of race, age and religion.

M: Yes, that is true.

W: Ok, Dr. Johnson, thank you very much for coming on the show and talking to us.

M: My pleasure.

右栏

1. According to Dr Johnson, diversity means

[A] merging of different cultural identities.

[B] more emphasis on homogeneity.

[C] embracing of more ethnic differences.

[D] acceptance of more branches of Christianity.

【解析】选[C]。在讲diversity的含义之前，Dr Johnson提到了a melting pot的含

义。[A]与[B]均是a melting pot的含义，故排除。由…today we use the word

“diversity” to refer to more visible ethnic differences可知，[C]为答案，diversity指

的是更多的种族差异。由religious diversity refers to a variety of world religions, not

merely different branches of Christianity可以判断[D]错误。

2. According to the interview, which of the following statements is CORRECT?

[A] Some places are more diverse than others.

[B] Towns are less diverse than large cities.

[C] Diversity can be seen everywhere.

[D] American is a truly diverse country.

【解析】选[A]。在回答“美国现在是不是一个真正多样化的国家”的问题时，Dr Johnson

说“多样化并不发生在美国的各处，至少没有达到改变国家每一地区的人口状况的程度”。

据此判断[C]与[D]皆错误。后面以美国宾夕法尼亚州Selinsgrove镇为例，说明美国一些地区

在向diversity进军时几乎没有发生变化，故[A]是对的，这也可以从最后女士的总结中得到

验证。Dr Johnson没有明确说明小镇比大城市的差异程度小，排除[B]。

3. According to Dr Johnson, which place will witness a radical change in its racial makeup by

2025?

[A] Maine.

[B] Selinsgrove.

[C] Philadelphia.

[D] California.

【解析】选[D]。录音中提到加利福尼亚州在1990-2000年间，白人人口比例从57%降到48%，

预计到2025年会降至34%，而缅因州的白人人口比例在整个90年代保持在98%，到2025

年会达到97%，几乎未发生变化。因此加利福尼亚州在2025年之前人种变化是最大的，答

案选[D]。

4. During the interview Dr Johnson indicates that

[A] greater racial diversity exists among younger populations.

[B] both older and younger populations are racially diverse.

[C] age diversity could lead to pension problems.

[D] older populations are more racially diverse.

5

学英语 找长喜

【解析】选[A]。根据“大多数有着最大民族差异性的人群要比有着较大的白人比例的人群

年轻”可以反向推出，年轻的人群中民族差异现象更为明显，故[A]为答案。

【点睛】[A]、[B]、[D]三项均说的是“younger populations和older populations中，哪个民族

差异更大”，三项互相矛盾并涉及所有可能的情况，故其中之一为答案，[B]项可直接排除。

5. According to the interview, religious diversity

[A] was most evident between 1990 and 2000.

[B] exists among Muslim immigrants.

[C] is restricted to certain places in the US.

[D] is spreading to more parts of the country.

【解析】选[C]。Dr Johnson最后谈到religious diversity时说…these religions didn’t settle

everywhere. They settled mainly in Californian and major Northeastern and Midwestern cities…，

所以说，宗教差异主要局限于几个城市，[C]正确，[D]错误。

SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST

NEWS ITEM ONE

下面排版同上半年专四真题点评相应部分，三栏，

【听前预测】四个选项中有三项与cell phone (wallet phone)有关，据此可以预测，本则新闻

可能是对一款手机的推广和介绍。

左栏 中间

6. What is the main idea of the

“Japan will start an aggressive push to market abroad its

news item? mobile technology, especially the nation’s popular

[A] Sony developed a computer wallet-phone.” A government official said Tuesday. Although

chip for cell phones. Japan boasts some of the most sophisticated cell-phones in the

[B] Japan will market its wallet world, the nation has failed to make its handsets, wireless

phone abroad. technology and mobile services hits outside of Japan. Among

[C] The wallet phone is one of the wireless innovations Japan hopes to peddle is the

the wireless innovations. wallet-phone. The technology relies on a tiny computer chip

[D] Reader devices are available embedded in each cell-phone which communicates with a

at stores and stations. reader-device at stores, train stations and vending machines

for cashless payments. This tiny computer chip was developed

by Japanese Electronics and Entertainment Company — Sony

Corporation.

右栏

6.【解析】选[B]。信息综合题。新闻一开始就谈到日本将向海外市场积极推广移动技术，

尤其是颇具人气的手机钱包。后面还具体介绍了这种技术的原理和应用，因此答案为[B]。

NEWS ITEM TWO

【听前预测】由题干中的inflation，current inflation rate，Zimbabwe可以预测，该新闻可能

谈到了津巴布韦近段时间以来的通货膨胀问题。

7. Which of the following is mentioned Zimbabwe’s inflation rate has soared in the past

as the government’s measure to control three months and is now at 11.2 million percent, the

inflation? highest in the world, according to the country’s central

[A] Foreign investment. statistical office. Official figures dated Monday show

[B] Donor support. inflation has surged from the rate of 2.2 million percent

[C] Price control. recorded in May, despite the government’s price

[D] Bank prediction. controls. The country’s finance minister confirmed the

8. According to Kingdom Bank, what is new figure in an interview but said the rising inflation

the current inflation rate in Zimbabwe? rate was not confined in Zimbabwe alone. In February,

[A] 20 million percent. the price of a loaf of bread in the country was less than

[B] 2.2 million percent. 200,000 in Zimbabwe dollars. On Monday, that same

[C] 11.2 million percent. loaf of bread cost 1.6 trillion Zimbabwe dollars.

6

学英语 找长喜

[D] Over 11.2 million percent. Analysts have said that this Zimbabwean government

official inflation rate figures are conservative. Last

week, one of Zimbabwe’s leading banks, Kingdom

Bank, said the country’s inflation rate was now more

than 20 million percent. The locally-owned bank

predicted tougher times ahead for Zimbabwe in the

absence of donor support and foreign investment in an

economy that has been in free fall for almost a decade.

7.【解析】选[C]。信息辨认题。新闻一开始提到津巴布韦的通货膨胀率在过去的三月中飞

升，达到世界最高，然后提到尽管政府采取了价格调控（despite the government’s price

controls），通货膨胀率仍从五月的2,200,000%猛升。答案显然为[C]。

8.【解析】选[A]。信息辨认题。抓住题干关键词Kingdom Bank捕捉到…Kingdom Bank, said

the country’s inflation rate was now more than 20 million percent，因此答案选[A]。

NEWS ITEM THREE

【听前预测】由选项及题干中的A big fire，Helicopters，taken to hospital，likely cause可以

预测，本则新闻可能谈到了一起火灾，包括火灾发生时的情景以及发生火灾的原因。

9. Which of the following is

“A large fire erupted Tuesday in Egypt’s parliament

CORRECT? and five people were hospitalized for smoke inhalation,”

[A] A big fire erupted on the Nile official said. There was no official word on the cause of

River. the blaze which ravaged a 19th century palace where

[B] Helicopters were used to evacuate parliament’s upper house is located. Dozens of fire tracks

people. were at the scene. While firefighters focused on one corner

[C] Five people were taken to hospital of the building, the blaze burned heavier on the second

for burns. corner, spreading to the second floor. Two helicopters

[D] A big fire took place on two floors. scooped water from the nearby Nile River in small buckets

10. The likely cause of the big fire is and dumped it onto the blaze. Evacuated employees said

[A] electrical short-cut. authorities told them they had ruled out terrorism and that

[B] lack of fire-safety measures. an electrical short-circuit had likely sparked the fire.

[C] terrorism.

“Those hospitalized included parliament employees and

[D] not known. firefighters,” said Ahmand Salah, the fire operation

supervisor. The extent of damage was not immediately

known. Egypt requires some fire-safety measures in

buildings, including fire extinguishes. But in general, the

rules are not straightly enforced.

9.【解析】选[D]。信息推断题。新闻首句提到埃及议会发生火灾，五人因为吸入浓烟而被

送往医院，据此排除[A]与[C]。由新闻提到的While firefighters focused on one corner of the

building, the blaze burned heavier on the second corner, spreading to the second floor可知，火势

蔓延至二楼，因此[D]说法正确，为答案。录音中提到直升机是用来从尼罗河里取水的，而

不是用来疏散人群，[B]错误。

10.【解析】选[A]。信息转述题。新闻提到政府当局排除了恐怖活动的可能性，称很可能是

电子短路引起的大火。[A]为答案，short-cut同义替换了录音中的short-circuit。

PARTⅡ READING COMPREHENSION

下面内容排版也同专四

TEXT A

【语篇分析】议论文。本文为G(General) — S(Specific)结构。文章阐述了加尔各答人力车的

发展现状以及社会各界人士对政府取消人力车的态度。

Para.1指出加尔各答仍然有大量人力车存在。

Para.2—Para.4阐述加尔各答人力车的用途以及人力车夫的生活状况。

Para.5—Para.7指出人们对政府取消人力车的计划意见不一，政府也难以出台相应政策。

7

学英语 找长喜

Among the great cities of the world, Kolkata (formerly spelt as Calcutta), the capital of

India’s West Bengal, and the home of nearly 15 million people, is often mentioned as the only one

that still has a large fleet of hand-pulled rickshaws.

[11]Rickshaws are not there to haul around tourists. It’s the people in the lanes who most

regularly use rickshaws — not the poor but people who are just a notch above the poor. They are

people who tend to travel short distances, through lanes that are sometimes inaccessible to even

the most daring taxi driver. An older woman with marketing to do, for instance, can arrive in a

rickshaw, have the rickshaw puller wait until she comes back from various stalls to load her

purchases, and then be taken home. People in the lanes use rickshaws as a 24-hour ambulance

service. [11]Proprietors of cafes or corner stores send rickshaws to collect their supplies. The

rickshaw pullers told me their steadiest customers are school children. Middle-class families

contract with a puller to take a child to school and pick him up; the puller essentially becomes a

family retainer.

From June to September Kolkata can get torrential rains. During my stay it once rained for

about 48 hours. Entire neighborhoods couldn’t be reached by motorized vehicles, and the

newspapers showed pictures of rickshaws being pulled through water that was up to the pullers’

waists. When it’s raining, the normal customer base for rickshaw pullers expands greatly, as does

the price of a journey. A writer in Kolkata told me, “When it rains, even the governor takes

rickshaws.”

While I was in Kolkata, a magazine called India Today published its annual ranking of Indian

states, according to such measurements as prosperity and infrastructure. [12]Among India’s 20

largest states, Bihar finished dead last, as it has for four of the past five years. Bihar, a few

hundred miles north of Kolkata, is where the vast majority of rickshaw pullers come from.

[12]Once in Kolkata, they sleep on the street or in their rickshaws or in a dera — a combination of

garage and repair shop and dormitory managed by someone called a sardar. For sleeping

privileges in a dera, pullers pay 100 rupees (about $2.50) a month, which sounds like a pretty

good deal until you’ve visited a dera. They gross between 100 and 150 rupees a day, out of which

they have to pay 20 rupees for the use of the rickshaw and [12]an occasional 75 or more for a

payoff if a policeman stops them for, say, crossing a street where rickshaws are prohibited. [13]A

2003 study found that rickshaw pullers are near the bottom of Kolkata occupations in income,

doing better than only the beggars. For someone without land or education, that still beats trying to

make a living in Bihar.

[14]There are people in Kolkata, particularly educated and politically aware people, who will

not ride in a rickshaw, because they are offended by the idea of being pulled by another human

being or because they consider it not the sort of thing people of their station do or because they

regard the hand-pulled rickshaw as a relic of colonialism. Ironically, some of those people are not

enthusiastic about banning rickshaws. The editor of the editorial pages of Kolkata’s Telegraph —

Rudrangshu Mukherjee, a former academic who still writes history books — told me, for instance,

that he sees humanitarian considerations as coming down on the side of keeping hand-pulled

rickshaws on the road. “I refuse to be carried by another human being myself,” he said, “but I

question whether we have the right to take away their livelihood.” Rickshaw supporters point out

that when it comes to demeaning occupations, rickshaw pullers are hardly unique in Kolkata.

When I asked one rickshaw puller if he thought the government’s plan to rid the city of

rickshaws was based on a genuine interest in his welfare, he smiled, with a quick shake of his head

— a gesture I interpreted to mean, “If you are so naïve as to ask such a question, I will answer it,

but it is not worth wasting words on.” Some rickshaw pullers I met were resigned to the imminent

end of their livelihood and pinned their hopes on being offered something in its place. As migrant

workers, they don’t have the political clout enjoyed by, say, Kolkata’s sidewalk hawkers, who,

after supposedly being scaled back at the beginning of the modernization drive, still clog the

sidewalks, selling absolutely everything — or, as I found during the 48 hours of rain, absolutely

everything but umbrellas. “The government was the government of the poor people,” one sardar

told me. “Now they shake hands with the capitalists and try to get rid of poor people.”

But others in Kolkata believe that rickshaws will simply be confined more strictly to certain

neighborhoods, out of the view of World Bank traffic consultants and California investment

delegations — or that they will be allowed to die out naturally as they’re supplanted by more

modern conveyances. Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, after all, is not the first high West Bengal official

8

学英语 找长喜

to say that rickshaws would be off the streets of Kolkata in a matter of months. Similar statements

have been made as far back as 1976. The ban decreed by Bhattacharjee has been delayed by a

court case and by a widely held belief that some retraining or social security settlement ought to be

offered to rickshaw drivers. It may also have been delayed by a quiet reluctance to give up

something that has been part of the fabric of the city for more than a century. [16]Kolkata, a

resident told me, “has difficulty letting go.” One day a city official handed me a report from the

municipal government laying out options for how rickshaw pullers might be rehabilitated.

“Which option has been chosen?” I asked, noting that the report was dated almost exactly a

year before my visit.

“That hasn’t been decided,” he said.

“When will it be decided?”

“That hasn’t been decided,” he said.

11. According to the passage, rickshaws are used in Kolkata mainly for the following EXCEPT

[A] taking foreign tourists around the city.

由第二段第一句Rickshaws are not there to haul around tourists.可知，那里的人力车不是用来

拉着游客绕城游览参观的，故[A]错，为答案。

[B] providing transport to school children.（第二段最后两句明确指出人力车最稳定的客户是学

生，中产阶级家庭让车夫负责接送孩子上下学，故[B]表述的是人力车的一种用途，排除。）

[C] carrying store supplies and purchases.（第二段倒数第三句表明[C]正确，排除。）

[D] carrying people over short distances.（第二段第二句和第三句指出经常使用人力车的人是

住在巷子里的人，他们常常要穿过小巷去较近的地方，故[D]也可排除。）

12. Which of the following statements best describes the rickshaw pullers from Bihar?

[A] They come from a relatively poor area.（第四段第二句提到比哈尔邦在印度的20个最大的

邦中排在最后，并且在过去的五年中有四年都是如此，故比哈尔邦属于最贫穷的地区，而不

是相对贫穷的地区，[A]错。）

[B] They are provided with decent accommodation.（与第四段第四句和第五句矛盾。）

[C] Their living standards are very low in Kolkata.

第四段第四句和第五句提到这些来自比哈尔邦的人力车夫在加尔各答或露宿街头或在人力

车里过夜，或者每月付100卢比住进dera。再结合倒数第二句提到的“人力车夫的收入基本

位于加尔各答各职业收入排名的最后，只强于乞丐”，可以推断出，这些人力车夫的生活水

平很低。[C]符合文意。

[D] They are often caught by policemen in the streets.（原文中是occasional，不是often，故[D]

错。）

13. That “For someone without land or education, that still beats trying to make a living in Bihar”

(4th paragraph) means that even so,

[A] the poor prefer to work and live in Bihar.（与第四段最后一句中的still逻辑不符。）

[B] the poor from Bihar fare better than back home.

第四段倒数第二句指出，人力车夫的收入在加尔各答各职业收入中几乎排在最后，只强于乞

丐。末句中的still表示转折，表明，尽管人力车夫的收入非常低，但对于没有土地，没受过

教育的人来说，仍然胜过在比哈尔谋生。[B]符合文意。

[C] the poor never try to make a living in Bihar.（绝对项，可排除。）

[D] the poor never seem to resent their life in Kolkata.（绝对项，可排除。）

14. We can infer from the passage that some educated and politically aware people

[A] hold mixed feelings towards rickshaws.

第五段第一、二句提到一些受过教育、有政治意识的人因为某种原因不坐人力车，同时他们

又不积极禁止人力车。因此可以说，他们对人力车怀有矛盾的心理，[A]为答案。

[B] strongly support the ban on rickshaws.（与第五段第二句矛盾。）

[C] call for humanitarian actions for rickshaw pullers. （文中未说这些人呼吁针对人力车夫的人

道行为，排除。）

[D] keep quiet on the issue of banning rickshaws.（由第五段第二句以及第五段所举的

9

学英语 找长喜

Rudrangshu的例子可以看出，一些受过教育、有政治意识的人不赞成禁止人力车， keep quiet

表述有误。）

15. Which of the following statements conveys the author’s sense of humor?

[A] “…— not the poor but people who are just a notch above the poor.” (2 paragraph)（该句说的

是乘坐人力车的人的状况：不是穷人，但也比穷人强一点，这是事实陈述。a notch above sb.

是“比某人高一等”的意思。）

[B] “…, which sounds like a pretty good deal until you’ve visited a dera.” (4 paragraph)（这句话

是说参观了dera之后才知道住进dera价格为什么会便宜，这表明dera的居住条件糟糕，是

事实陈述。）

[C] Kolkata, a resident told me, “ has difficulty letting go.” (7 paragraph).（引用一个加尔各答居

民的话表明加尔各答很难禁止人力车营运，是事实陈述。）

[D] “…or, as I found during the 48 hours of rain, absolutely everything but umbrellas.” (6

paragraph)

该句说小贩们在下雨天除了雨伞什么都卖，这不禁让人笑出声来，充分体会到作者的幽默感。

16. The dialogue between the author and the city official at the end of the passage seems to

suggest

[A] the uncertainty of the court’s decision.（由第七段第四句和第五句可以看出，人力车禁令迟

迟不出台的原因很复杂，但不是由法庭决策的不确定性、政府的低效或处理选项缓慢造成

的。）

[B] the inefficiency of the municipal government.（同[A]解。）

[C] the difficulty of finding a good solution.

文章的最后几句是作者与一位城市官员的对话。在这段对话之前，作者引用一位市民的话说

“Kolkata…has difficulty letting go”。一般情况下，细节是为观点服务的，据此推断，作者与

城市官员的对话是为了说明Kolkata…has difficulty letting go，也就是说加尔各答要找到一个

好的禁止人力车营运的办法是很难的，[C]为答案。

[D] the slowness in processing options.（同[A]解。）

【语境记忆】

(单词加音标,短语不加，按两列或三列对齐排)

haul v. transport in a vehicle (用车等)拖运；(用力)拖，拉

a notch above Fig. a little higher in quality than someone or something高人一等，略胜一筹

proprietor n. someone who owns (is legal possessor of) a business所有人，业主，经营者

retainer n. a servant or an attendant, especially one in the household of a person of high

rank侍从；仆人；雇员

torrential a. flowing heavily or in large quantities奔流的；猛烈的；汹涌的

gross vt. to earn as a total income or profit before deductions获得…总收入(或毛利)

humanitarian a. marked by humanistic values and devotion to human welfare人道主义的，博爱

的

demeaning a. lacking dignity降低身份的，有辱人格的

resign vt. to submit (oneself) passively; accept as inevitable顺从，听任；放弃，辞去

imminent a. about to occur; impending即将发生的，临近的，逼近的

clout n. power or influence, esp. in politics力量，影响；影响力

clog vt. to obstruct; block up 塞满，阻塞

supplant vt. to displace and substitute for (another) 取代；排挤

conveyance n. a means of conveying, especially a vehicle for transportation运输工具，交通工

具；运送，运输

rehabilitate vt. to help (a person) to readapt to society or a new job, as by vocational guidance or

retraining（通过就业指导、职业培训等）帮助人重新适应社会或新工作；改造；修复

10

学英语 找长喜

【参考译文】

加尔各答是印度孟加拉邦的首府，有近1500万人。在世界各地的大城市中，加尔各答

是人们常常提到的唯一一个仍然有大量人力车的城市。

[11]人力车不是用来拉着游客游览。住在小巷的人最经常使用人力车，他们不是穷人，

但也只是比穷人强一点。他们常常要穿过小巷去较近的地方，这些小巷有时候即使最大胆的

出租车司机也无法开进去。例如，一位老妇人可以坐人力车去市场采购，让车夫等候她从不

同摊位采购回来，然后把购买的东西装上车带回家。住在小巷的人们将人力车当作24小时

服务的救护车来用。[11]咖啡馆的老板或住宅区商店的店主让人力车运回他们进的货。人力

车夫告诉我，他们最稳定的客户是学生。中产阶级家庭与车夫签订合同，负责接送孩子上下

学，车夫实质上变成了一个家庭的侍从。

每年6月至9月的这段时间里，加尔各答下暴雨。我在加尔各答的时候，有一次降雨持

续了大约48小时。机动车辆无法到达附近的任何一个地方，报纸上的图片显示人力车夫在

水中艰难地行进，水位已经到达他们的腰部。下雨时，人力车夫正常的客户群增加很多，价

格也一样提高不少。加尔各答的一位作家告诉我：“下雨的时候，甚至总督都坐人力车。”

我在加尔各答的时候，一本名为《今日印度》的杂志公布了一年一度的根据富裕程度和

基础设施的印度各邦的排名。[12]在印度的20个最大的邦中，比哈尔邦排在最后，在过去

五年中有四年排名垫底。比哈尔邦位于加尔各答以北几百英里，绝大多数人力车夫来自那里。

[12]一旦到了加尔各答，他们或露宿街头或在人力车里过夜，或者住在dera，那是由被称为

萨达尔的人运营的一种车库、修理车间和宿舍的结合体。为了住进dera，车夫每月支付100

卢比（约合2.50美元），如果你没见过dera，这听起来像是一个不错的生意。他们每天毛收

入100至150卢比，其中要花去20卢比用于支付人力车使用费，[12]偶尔他们在穿越禁止

人力车通过的街道时被警察拦住，他们还会花75卢比或更多的钱。[12][13]2003年的一项

研究发现，人力车夫的收入基本位于加尔各答各职业收入排名的最后，只强于乞丐。但是对

于没有土地，也没有受过教育的人来说，那仍然强于生活在比哈尔邦。

[14]在加尔各答，有些人，特别是受过教育、有政治意识的人不坐人力车，因为他们想

到由另一个人拉着会感到不舒服，或者认为这与自己的社会地位不般配，或者因为他们把人

力车看作殖民主义的余孽。具有讽刺意味的是，这些人当中的一些人并不对禁止人力车热心。

比如，加尔各答《电讯报》社论版编辑Rudrangshu原来是一位学者，现在他还在撰写历史

书籍，他告诉我，支持人力车继续出现在路上是出于人道主义的考虑。“我自己拒绝由另一

个人拉着，”他说，“但是我怀疑我们是否有权利剥夺他们的谋生手段。” 支持人力车的人指

出，当提到低贱的职业时，人力车夫这个行业在加尔各答并不是唯一的。

当我问一位人力车夫他是否认为政府计划取消人力车是真正考虑到他的福利时，他微微

一笑，很快摇了摇头，这一举止我理解为，“如果你天真地提出这样一个问题，我会回答，

但它真不值得浪费口舌了。”我碰见的一些人力车夫接受了他们的生计即将结束的现状，寄

希望于政府为他们提供某种东西作为替代。作为流动工人，他们甚至不享有加尔各答的人行

道小贩都享有的政治影响力。据称，小贩们的规模在现代化建设初期被缩减，但现在他们仍

然堵塞人行道，出售一切物品——或者说，正如我在下雨的那48小时内所发现的，他们出

售除了雨伞之外的所有物品。“政府过去是穷人的政府，”一个萨达尔告诉我，“现在他们同

资本家握手，试图摆脱掉穷人。”

但在加尔各答也有人认为人力车将会更严格地局限于某些街道——这是出自世界银行

交通顾问公司和加利福尼亚州投资代表团的观点——或者说人力车将被允许自然消失，因为

它们可以由更多的现代交通工具取而代之。Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee不是第一位说人力车将

在几个月内从加尔各答街头消失的孟加拉邦高官。类似的声明早在1976年就出现过。

Bhattacharjee颁布的禁令已被一件诉讼案件和普遍认为应该向人力车夫提供再培训或社会

保障的观点而拖延。禁令延期也可能因为人们沉默着不愿放弃一个多世纪以来已经成为城市

构造的一部分的某种东西。[16]加尔各答的一位居民告诉我：“加尔各答很难舍弃人力车。”

有一天一个城市官员递给我一份政府报告，该报告列出了如何帮助人力车夫重新适应新工作

的几种选择。

“哪个选项已被选中？”我问，注意到该报告的日期几乎是在我访问的一年之前。

“还没有确定，”他说。

“什么时候确定？”

11

学英语 找长喜

“还没有定，”他说。

TEXT B

【语篇分析】议论文。本文为G(General) — S(Specific) — G(General)结构。本文通过举例论

证证明了在美国排队的都是没钱的普通民众，有钱人可以免于排队。

Para.1—Para.2指出美国富人经常不用排队，排队只限于没钱的普通美国人。

Para.3—Para.6列举了在一些场合美国人插队的事例。

Para.7—Para.9指出政治家偶尔与民众一起排队是别与用心的。

Para.10—Para.14将美国人分成两类：不用排队的大人物和缺乏耐心但又不得不排队的人。

Depending on whom you believe, the average American will, over a lifetime, wait in lines for

two years (says National Public Radio) or five years (according to customer-loyalty experts).

[17]The crucial word is average, as wealthy Americans routinely avoid lines altogether. Once

the most democratic of institutions, lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers

(people who still believe in and practice waiting in lines). Poor suckers, mostly.

Airports resemble France before the Revolution: [18]first-class passengers enjoy “élite”

security lines and priority boarding, and disembark before the unwashed in coach, held at bay by a

flight attendant, are allowed to foul the Jetway.

At amusement parks, too, you can now buy your way out of line. [18]This summer I

haplessly watched kids use a $52 Gold Flash Pass to jump the lines at Six Flags New England, and

similar systems are in use in most major American theme parks, from Universal Orlando to Walt

Disney World, where the haves get to watch the have-mores breeze past on their way to their seats.

Flash Pass teaches children a valuable lesson in real-world economics: that the rich are more

important than you, especially when it comes to waiting. [18]An NBA player once said to me,

with a bemused chuckle of disbelief, that when playing in Canada — get this —“we have to wait

in the same customs line as everybody else.”

Almost every line can be breached for a price. In several U.S. cities this summer, early

arrivers among the early adopters waiting to buy iPhones offered to sell their spots in the lines.

[18]On Craigslist, prospective iPhone purchasers offered to pay “waiters” or “placeholders” to

wait in line for them outside Apple stores.

[19]Inevitably, some semi-populist politicians have seen the value of sort-of waiting in lines

with the ordinary people. This summer Philadelphia mayor John Street waited outside an AT&T

store from 3: to 11: before a stand-in from his office literally stood in for the mayor

while he conducted official business. And billionaire New York mayor Michael Bloomberg often

waits for the subway with his fellow citizens, though he’s first driven by motorcade past the stop

nearest his house to a station 22 blocks away, where the wait, or at least the ride, is shorter.

As early as elementary school, we’re told that jumping the line is an unethical act, which is

why so many U.S. lawmakers have framed the immigration debate as a kind of fundamental sin of

the school lunch line. Alabama Senator Richard Shelby, to cite just one legislator, said amnesty

would allow illegal immigrants “to cut in line ahead of millions of people.”

[19]Nothing annoys a national lawmaker more than a person who will not wait in line, unless

that line is in front of an elevator at the U.S. Capitol, where Senators and Representatives use

private elevators, lest they have to queue with their constituents.

But compromising the integrity of the line is not just antidemocratic, it’s out-of-date. There

was something about the orderly boarding of Noah’s Ark, two by two, that seemed to restore not

just civilization but civility during the Great Flood.

How civil was your last flight? Southwest Airlines has first-come, first-served festival seating.

But for $5 per flight, an unaffiliated company called will secure you a coveted

“A” boarding pass when that airline opens for online check-in 24 hours before departure. Thus, the

savvy traveler doesn’t even wait in line when he or she is online.

Some cultures are not renowned for lining up. Then again, some cultures are too adept at

lining up: a citizen of the former Soviet Union would join a queue just so he could get to the head

of that queue and see what everyone was queuing for.

And then there is the U.S., where society seems to be cleaving into two groups: Very

Important Persons, who don’t wait, and Very Impatient Persons, who do — unhappily.

12

学英语 找长喜

For those of us in the latter group — consigned to coach, bereft of Flash Pass, too poor or

proper to pay a placeholder — what do we do? We do what Vladimir and Estragon did in Waiting

for Godot: “We wait. We are bored.”

17. What does the following sentence mean? “Once the most democratic of institutions, lines are

rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers…Poor suckers, mostly.” (2nd paragraph)

[A] Lines are symbolic of America’s democracy.（上半句中的Once说明“排队象征美国民主”

是过去的事情，排除[A]。）

[B] Lines still give Americans equal opportunities.（与第二段矛盾。）

[C] Lines are now for ordinary Americans only.

原文上句提到The crucial word is average, as wealthy Americans routinely avoid lines

altogether，由此我们得知排队等候只是普通民众的行为。该句中的exclusive也表明排队的

行为只限于没钱的普通美国人了，故[C]为答案。

[D] Lines are for people with democratic spirit only.（是对the most democratic of institutions的

曲解，排除。）

18. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of breaching the line?

[A] Going through the customs at a Canadian airport.

[A]是作者在第五段中举出的一个例子，NBA球员在加拿大海关没有受到特殊照顾，必须与

别人一样排队等候。由此看出这不是违规插队的事例，故[A]为答案。

[B] Using Gold Flash Passes in amusement parks.（第四段介绍了在游乐园里购买金卡可以免于

排队，这明显是插队的事例，排除。）

[C] First-class passenger status at airports.（原文第三段提到头等舱的乘客可以优先登机、提前

下机，故这也是插队的事例，排除。）

[D] Purchase of a place in a line from a placeholder.（第六段提到的“花钱购买占位者的位置”

也属于插队事例。）

19. We can infer from the passage that politicians (including mayors and Congressmen)

[A] prefer to stand in lines with ordinary people.（第九段提到“参议员和众议员使用私人电梯，

以免他们不得不同选民一起排队”，这表明政客们实际上不喜欢与普通人一起排队，他们之

所以排队是因为这样做对他们有利。）

[B] advocate the value of waiting in lines.（与第九段参议员和众议员使用私人电梯的例子矛

盾。）

[C] believe in and practice waiting in lines.（同[B]解。）

[D] exploit waiting in lines for their own good.

原文第七段首句提到“一些不完全平民论的政治家们看到了与普通民众一起排队等候的重要

性”，由此可知一些政客宁愿排队等候是因为“have seen the value”，即他们认为这一亲民的

做法对自己有利，[D]正确。

20. What is the tone of the passage?

[A] Instructive.（根据[D]解可排除，文章并没有对读者进行某种教育）

[B] Humorous. （根据[D]解可排除）

[C] Serious.（根据[D]解可排除。）

[D] Teasing.

文章前两段即将wealthy Americans与poor suckers进行了对比，指出排队只限于没钱的普通

美国人，接着在第7段用讥讽的语气指出政治家偶尔与民众一起排队也是别有用心， though

he’s first driven by motorcade past the stop nearest his house to a station 22 blocks away, where

the wait, or at least the ride, is shorter.显然有调侃的语气。最后两段，作者更是表露了对美国

特权阶段不排队的嘲弄之情，“Very Important Persons, who don’t wait, and Very Impatient

Persons, who do — unhappily.”“ We wait. We are bored.”等用语则说明对特权的讥讽，对普

通人的无奈，所以[D]为答案。

【语境记忆】

13

学英语 找长喜

disembark vi. to leave a vehicle or aircraft下飞机，下车；登陆；上岸

foul vt. to clog or obstruct使堵塞；弄脏，污染

haplessly ad. unfortunately不幸地，倒霉地

haves n. the wealthy or privileged, contrasted to those who are poor or deprived富人，有钱

人

bemused a. bewildered or greatly puzzled困惑的，发呆的

breach vt. to break or violate破坏，违反；侵害

civility n. politeness or courtesy礼貌，客气，谦恭

coveted a. greatly desired渴望得到的，梦寐以求的

cleave vi. to split or separate, especially along a natural line of division劈开，分开

【参考译文】

普通美国人一生中，排队等候的时间为两年（全国公共广播电台说）或五年（据一些客

户忠诚度专家说），这取决于他相信谁了。

[17]关键词是“普通”，因为美国富人经常避免排队等候。排队曾经是最民主的制度，

现在正迅速成为笨蛋（那些信奉排队等候，同时也确实在排队等候的人）的专属领域了。多

数笨蛋都是穷人。

机场类似于大革命前的法国：[18]头等舱乘客可享受“精英”安全线，优先登机，他们

可以在普通客舱的乘客被乘务人员留在分隔舱里的情况下提前下飞机，哪怕是堵塞了登机

桥。

在游乐园里，你现在也可以花钱免于排队。[18]今年夏天我不幸看到孩子们在六旗新英

格兰游乐园使用52美元一张的速通金卡免于排队。类似系统在包括奥兰多环球影城和迪斯

尼乐园的大多数美国主要的主题公园里都在使用，在那里，有钱人会看到比自己更富有的人

轻松地走向他们的座位。

速通卡教会孩子现实世界中经济学上的一条宝贵的经验：有钱的人比你更重要，尤其是

在排队等候的时候更是如此。[18]一名NBA球员曾经带着难以置信的困惑的微笑对我说，“在

加拿大比赛时，我们必须像其他人一样在海关排队等候”，听听这个。

几乎所有排队均可以花钱避免。今年夏天在一些美国城市，早期使用者里面的一些早早

排队购买iPhones的人愿意出卖他们在队伍中的位置。[18]在Craigslist，准iPhone买家愿意

花钱让“排队者”或“占位者”替自己在苹果专卖店门外排队等候。

[19]不可避免地，一些不完全平民论的政治家们看到了与普通民众一起排队等候的价值

所在。今年夏天，费城市长约翰·斯瑞特从凌晨3点30分至上午11点30分等候在美国电

话电报公司门外，之前在他处理办公事务时，一个办公室职员替他排队。亿万富翁纽约市长

迈克尔·布隆伯格经常与他的市民们一起等候地铁，尽管他先是由车队护送到22个街区之

外的车站，期间会经过一个离他家最近的车站，他在那里等待的时间，或至少可以说是车程，

更短。

早在上小学时，我们就被告知插队是不道德的行为，因此有那么多的美国立法者将有关

移民的争论也框定为诸如在学校中午就餐时不排队同类的罪行。仅以一个立法委员为例，阿

拉巴马州参议员理查德·谢尔比说，特赦将允许非法移民“插队到数百万人之前。”

[19]没有什么能比一个人不排队更让一个国家立法者生气了，除非那个队列是在美国国

会大厦前的电梯处，因为参议员和众议员使用私人电梯，以防他们不得不与选民一起排队。

但是使排队这种正直的行为蒙受耻辱不仅是反民主的，而且太落伍了。在大洪水时期，

人们两个两个地有序登上诺亚方舟，这似乎恢复的不仅是文明，还有礼貌。

你上次的飞行有多文明？西南航空公司有先来先得的节日座位。你每次航行只要花上5

美元，一家独立的公司将确保你在该航空公司的离港前24小时内开放的网

上登记处得到你所渴望的“A”登机牌。因此，精明的旅客在线时甚至不排队等候。

有些文化不以排队闻名，但是有些文化善于排队：前苏联的居民仅仅是为了能到达队列

前面看看大家都在排队干什么而排队。

而在美国，社会似乎分成两类人：那些不用排队的大人物和那些极度缺乏耐心、虽然不

开心但不得不排队的人。

我们当中的后一类人——被限制在普通机舱里、被剥夺了速通卡、因为太穷或者太正派

14

学英语 找长喜

而不能雇佣占位者——在做什么呢？我们做的就是弗拉基米尔和爱斯特拉冈在《等待戈多》

里做的：“我们等待。我们感到厌烦。”

TEXT C

【语篇分析】记叙文。本文叙述了Turgis在一家餐馆的所见所闻所感。

Para.1叙述Turgis走进一家奢华的餐馆，餐馆正合Turgis口味。

Para.2从Turgis的角度交代了餐馆的氛围。

A bus took him to the West End, where, among the crazy coloured fountains of illumination,

shattering the blue dusk with green and crimson fire, he found the café of his choice, [22]a

tea-shop that had gone mad and turned Babylonian, a while palace with ten thousand lights. It

towered above the older buildings like a citadel, which indeed it was, the outpost of a new age,

[22]perhaps a new civilization, perhaps a new barbarism; [21]and behind the thin marble front

were concrete and steel, just as behind the careless profusion of luxury were millions of pence,

[22]balanced to the last halfpenny. Somewhere in the background, hidden away, [22]behind the ten

thousand lights and acres of white napery and bewildering glittering rows of teapots, behind the

thousand waitresses and cash-box girls and black-coated floor managers and temperamental

long-haired violinists, behind the mounds of cauldrons of stewed steak, the vanloads of ices, were

a few men who went to work juggling with fractions of a farthing, who knew how many units of

electricity it took to finish a steak-and-kidney pudding and how many minutes and seconds a

waitress( five feet four in height and in average health) would need to carry a tray of given weight

from the kitchen lift to the table in the far corner. In short, there was a warm, sensuous, vulgar life

flowering in the upper storeys, and a cold science working in the basement. Such was the gigantic

tea-shop into which Turgis marched, in search not of mere refreshment but of all the enchantment

of unfamiliar luxury. [23]Perhaps he knew in his heart that men have conquered half the known

world, looted whole kingdoms, and never arrived in such luxury. The place was built for him.

It was built for a great many other people too, and, as usual, they were all there. [24]It

steamed with humanity. [25]The marble entrance hall, piled dizzily with bonbons and cakes, was

as crowded and bustling as a railway station. The gloom and grime of the streets, the raw air, all

November, were at once left behind, forgotten: [25]the atmosphere inside was golden, tropical,

belonging to some high mid-summer of confectionery. [25]Disdaining the lifts, [24]Turgis, once

more excited by the sight, sound, and smell of it all, climbed the wide staircase until he reached

his favourite floor, [25]where an orchestra, led by a young Jewish violinist with wandering

lustrous eyes and a passion for tremolo effects, acted as a magnet to a thousand girls.

The door was

swung open for him by a page; there burst, like a sugary bomb, the clatter of cups, the shrill

chatter of white-and-vermilion girls, and, cleaving the golden, scented air, the sensuous clamour of

the strings; and, as he stood hesitating a moment, half dazed, there came, bowing, a sleek grave

man, older than he was and far more distinguished than he could ever hope to be, who murmured

deferentially: “ For one, sir? This way, please,” Shyly, yet proudly, Turgis followed him.

21. That “behind the thin marble front were concrete and steel” suggests that

[A] modern realistic commercialism existed behind the luxurious appearance.

文中紧接该句提到“... just as behind the careless profusion of luxury were millions of pence,

balanced to the last halfpenny”，由句中的比喻我们可以看出，在奢侈外表的背后是现实商业

财力的支持。[A]是对该句的合理诠释。

[B] there was a fundamental falseness in the style and the appeal of the café.（falseness在文中无

依据。）

[C] the architect had made a sensible blend of old and new building materials.（文中未说marble

是新建筑材料，concrete 和steel是旧建筑材料，故排除。）

[D] the café was based on physical foundations and real economic strength.（marble与concrete

and steel不能分别对应“物质基础”和“经济实力”，排除。）

22. The following words or phrases are somewhat critical of the tea-shop EXCEPT

[A] “…turned Babylonian”.（原文中说茶馆had gone mad and turned Babylonian，由gone mad

可以看出turned Babylonian含有作者的批判之意。）

15

学英语 找长喜

[B] “perhaps a new barbarism’.（第二句中，作者说茶馆“也许是某种新的文明，也许是某种

新的野蛮”，“野蛮”显然带有批判色彩。）

[C] “acres of white napery”.

acres of white napery与前面的ten thousand lights一样，是对茶馆奢侈程度的描述，没有批判

之意，故[C]为答案。

[D] “balanced to the last halfpenny”.（表示茶馆奢侈的背后是对金钱精打细算地使用，last

halfpenny含有批判意味。）

23. In its context the statement that “the place was built for him” means that the café was intended

to

[A] please simple people in a simple way.（根据[B]解可排除。）

[B] exploit gullible people like him.（gullible people“易上当的人”，文章没有地方可以看出

Turgis上当了。）

[C] satisfy a demand that already existed.

文章中该句的前一句Perhaps he knew in his heart that men have conquered half the known

world, looted whole kingdoms, and never arrived in such luxury.说明Turgis的心理，想体验这种

奢华，也就是说有体验奢华的需求，到这个地方来满足。下一段中It was built for a great many

other people too, and, as usual, they were all there.也进一步说明这个茶馆满足了这种已经存在

的需求，[C]正确。

[D] provide relaxation for tired young men.（文章只是指出，在这里可以寻求refreshment，并

没有提到tired young men。）

24. Which of the following statements about the second paragraph is NOT true?

[A] The café appealed to most senses simultaneously. （根据第二段第五句“Turgis, once more

excited by the sight, sound, and smell of it all”可知，该咖啡馆同时满足视觉、听觉和嗅觉的需

求。[A]正确。）

[B] The café was both full of people and full of warmth.（根据第二段第二句和第三句，我们可

以得知茶馆熙熙攘攘；从第四句的“the atmosphere inside was golden, tropical…”可以看出该茶

馆温馨，这一点也能从第一段倒数第四句“there was a warm, sensuous, vulgar life…”看出。）

[C] The inside of the café was contrasted with the weather outside.（根据第二段第四句可知室内

氛围与室外气候差别很大，[C]正确。）

[D] It stressed the commercial determination of the café owners.

第二段多站在Turgis的角度对茶馆的氛围进行了一番描述，并没有强调咖啡馆主人的商业决

断，故[D]为答案。

25. The following are comparisons made by the author in the second paragraph EXCEPT that

[A] the entrance hall is compared to a railway station.（第二段第三句as…as结构将the entrance

hall比作拥挤的火车站。）

[B] the orchestra is compared to a magnet. （第二段第五句说the orchestra acted as a magnet，

这是暗喻的手法。）

[C] Turgis welcomed the lift like a conquering soldier.

根据原文中“Disdaining the lifts ...”一句，我们可以得知Turgis并不喜欢电梯，而其他的比喻

都能在第二段中找到出处。故答案为[C]。

[D] the interior of the café is compared to warm countries.（第二段第四句提到“the atmosphere

inside was golden, tropical…”，[D]也符合文意。）

26. The author’s attitude to the café is

[A] fundamentally critical.

注意题干问的是作者的态度，而不是Turgis的态度。根据原文第一段中使用的“mad”，

“Babylonian”，“barbarism”和“vulgar”等贬义词，我们可以看出作者对于咖啡馆的态度基本上

是批判的。

[B] slightly admiring.（这是根据第二段出现的溢美之词如 “the atmosphere inside was golden,

16

学英语 找长喜

tropical…”，“the golden, scented air, the sensuous clamour of the strings…”等得出的结论，但这

些描述大多出自Turgis的感受，故排除。）

[C] quite undecided.（根据[A]解可排除。）

[D] completely neutral.（根据[A]解可排除。）

【语境记忆】

Babylonian a. characterized by a luxurious, pleasure-seeking, and often immoral way of life奢

侈的；颓废的；巴比伦的

outpost n. a settlement on the frontier of civilization前哨，前哨基地，警戒部队

barbarism n. the condition of being backward, coarse, or ignorant野蛮，未开化，原始，不文

明

profusion n. the state of being profuse; abundance.丰富，大量，浪费

temperamental a. subject to sharply varying moods喜怒无常的；性情的

sensuous a. appealing to or gratifying the senses感觉上的，激发美感的

enchantment n. great charm or fascination魅力；着迷，着魔

loot vt. to pillage; spoil洗劫；强夺

raw a. unpleasantly damp and chilly阴冷的，湿冷的

disdain vt. to regard or treat with haughty contempt; despise蔑视，鄙弃

deferentially ad. in a respectfully deferential manner表示敬意地，谦恭地

【参考译文】

公交车将他拉到伦敦西区，在五彩斑斓的彩灯喷泉中，时不时迸出带着红绿色彩的蓝色

暗光。他找到了想去的餐馆，[22]那是家茶馆，疯狂，奢华，上万盏灯照亮了那座白色的宫

殿。它像一座城堡一样高高耸立于古老的建筑之上，而实际上，它是新时代的先锋，[22]也

许是某种新的文明，也许是某种新的野蛮。[21]在薄薄的大理石外表下掩藏着钢筋水泥，就

像在不经意的奢华背后有成百万的便士，[22]与最后的那半个便士维持着一种平衡。在后台

的某个隐蔽地方，[22]在上万只灯和大片的白色餐布后面，在亮得耀眼的成排的茶壶后面，

在几千个服务生、收银员、穿着黑色外套的楼层经理、神经质的长发小提琴手后面，在成堆

的一锅锅的牛排、一车车的冰块后面有几个男人，在用几个铜币变戏法，他们知道用多少电

能够烤熟一个牛排肾脏布丁，以及服务生（5尺4寸高，健康良好）需要几分钟可以将某个

重量的盘子从厨房电梯处端到远处角落的桌子上。简而言之，在上面的楼层里弥漫着温暖的、

给人以美的享受的、平民化的生活气息，而在地下室里工作着的则是冰冷冷的科学。[23]这

就是Turgis进入的那家巨大的茶馆，他寻找的不仅是身心愉悦还有那种自己并不熟悉的奢华

的魅力。也许，他内心深处知道人类已经征服了半个已知的世界，掠夺了整个王国，却从来

没有达到如此奢华。这个地方就是为他而建的。

它也是为许多其他的人而建的，像往常一样，他们都在那儿。[24]茶馆里到处是人。[25]

大理石门厅里堆着糖果和蛋糕，令人眼花缭乱，像火车站一样拥挤喧闹。阴郁污浊的街道、

阴冷的空气、整个十一月立刻被抛在脑后：[25]里面的氛围是金色的、具有热带气息的，有

盛夏糖果店的氛围。Turgis又一次为茶馆里的场景、声音以及味道感到激动，[25]他不喜欢

电梯，爬上了宽宽的楼梯到了自己喜欢的楼层。[25]在那儿有一个乐队，为首的是一名年轻

的犹太小提琴手，闪亮的眼神四处逡巡，喜欢拉出颤音，像磁铁一样吸引着上千名女观众。

一个侍者为他打开了门，立刻爆发出杯子的碰撞声，粉白皮肤的女孩子们刺耳的聊天声，将

金色有香气的空气，令人迷醉的琴声分裂开来。他站在那儿犹豫了一会儿，有点儿头晕，这

时一个整洁庄重的男士走过来，向他鞠躬，这个男士比他年长，比他想象得要出众得多，他

恭敬地低声说：“先生，是一位吗？这边请。”Turgis有些害羞但却自豪地跟在那位男士身后。

TEXT D

【语篇分析】议论文。本文为G(General) — S(Specific)结构。本文主要讨论了美铝项目对冰

岛居民生存的影响。

Para.1介绍了冰岛现状。

Para.2—Para.4阐述了美铝项目为冰岛的发展带来的巨大可能性。

17

学英语 找长喜

Para.5引用冰岛前总理的话说明美铝项目对冰岛居民的生存至关重要。

Now elsewhere in the world, Iceland may be spoken of, somewhat breathlessly, as western

Europe’s last pristine wilderness. [27]But the environmental awareness that is sweeping the world

had bypassed the majority of Icelanders. Certainly they were connected to their land, the way one

is complicatedly connected to, or encumbered by, family one can’t do anything about. But the

truth is, once you’re off the beaten paths of the low-lying coastal areas where everyone lives, the

roads are few, and they’re all bad, so Iceland’s natural wonders have been out of reach and

unknown even to its own inhabitants. For them the land has always just been there, something that

had to be dealt with and, if possible, exploited — [27]the mind-set being one of land as

commodity rather than land as, well, priceless art on the scale of the “Mona Lisa”.

When the opportunity arose in 2003 for the national power company to enter into a 40-year

contract with the American aluminum company Alcoa to supply hydroelectric power for a new

smelter, those who had been dreaming of something like this for decades jumped at it and never

looked back. Iceland may at the moment be one of the world’s richest countries, with a 99 percent

literacy rate and long life expectancy. [28]But the project’s advocates, some of them getting on in

years, were more emotionally attuned to the country’s century upon century of want, hardship, and

colonial servitude to Denmark, which officially had ended only in 1944 and whose psychological

imprint remained relatively fresh. For the longest time, life here had meant little more than a sod

hut, dark all winter, cold, no hope, children dying left and right, earthquakes, plagues, starvation,

volcanoes erupting and destroying all vegetation and livestock, all spirit — a world revolving

almost entirely around the welfare of one’s sheep and, later, on how good the cod catch was. In the

outlying regions, it still largely does.

Ostensibly, the Alcoa project was intended to save one of these dying regions — the remote

and sparsely populated east—where the way of life had steadily declined to a point of desperation

and gloom. [29]After fishing quotas were imposed in the early 1980s to protect fish stocks, many

individual boat owners sold their allotments or gave them away, fishing rights ended up mostly in

the hands of a few companies, and small fishermen were virtually wiped out. Technological

advances drained away even more jobs previously done by human hands, and the people were

seeing everything they had worked for all their lives turn up worthless and [29]their children move

away. [30]With the old way of life doomed, aluminum projects like this one had come to be

perceived, wisely or not, as a last chance. “Smelter or death.”

The contract with Alcoa would infuse the region with foreign capital, an estimated 400 jobs,

and spin-off service industries. It also was a way for Iceland to develop expertise that potentially

could be sold to the rest of the world; diversify an economy historically dependent on fish; and, in

an appealing display of Icelandic can-do verve, perhaps even protect all of Iceland, once and for

all, from the unpredictability of life itself.

“We have to live,” Halldor Asgrimsson said. Halldor, a former prime minister and longtime

member of parliament from the region, was a driving force behind the project. “We have a right to

live.”

27. According to the passage, most Icelanders view land as something of

[A] environmental value.（第一段第二句说多数冰岛人没有环保意识，[A]与此不符。）

[B] commercial value.

根据原文第一段最后一句“the mind-set being one of land as commodity rather than land as, well,

priceless art ...”可以得知，大多数冰岛人把土地当作商品，即认为土地有商业价值，[B]正确。

[C] potential value for tourism.（文章未提及。）

[D] great value for livelihood. （文章未提及。）

28. What is Iceland’s old-aged advocates’ feeling towards the Alcoa project?

[A] Iceland is wealthy enough to reject the project.（既然是advocates，不可能reject the project。

[A]明显错误。）

[B] The project would lower life expectancy.（文章未提及，并且从逻辑上看也不会是advocates

的观点。）

[C] The project would cause environmental problems.（第一段第二句说多数冰岛人没有环保意

识，因此advocates可能没考虑到项目对环境的影响，排除[C]。）

[D] The project symbolizes an end to the colonial legacies.

18

学英语 找长喜

题干中的old-aged advocates对应原文第二段第三句中的advocates getting on in years。根据

“But the project’were more emotionally lonial servitude

whose psychological imprint remained relatively fresh.”，我们得知冰岛支持该项目的老人认为

这一项目可以结束殖民后遗症。[D]符合文意，为答案。

29. The disappearance of the old way of life was due to all the following EXCEPT

[A] fewer fishing companies.

虽然第三段中提及“... fishing rights ended up mostly in the hands of a few companies”，但是并

没有提及渔业公司数量的减少，[A]为答案。

[B] fewer jobs available.（从第三段第三句中的“Technological advances drained away even more

jobs previously done by human hands”可以看出，工作机会的减少是导致传统生活方式消失的

原因之一。）

[C] migration of young people.（根据第三段第三句中的“... and their children move away.”可知，

年轻劳动力的迁移也是导致传统生活方式消失的原因之一。）

[D] imposition of fishing quotas.（原文第三段第二句 “After fishing quotas were imposed in the

early 1980s…”表明，[D]是导致传统生活方式消失的一种原因。）

30. The 4th paragraph in the passage

[A] sums up the main points of the passage.（根据[C]解可排除。）

[B] starts to discuss an entirely new point.（根据[C]解可排除。）

[C] elaborates on the last part of the 3rd paragraph.

第四段主要谈到美铝的合约给冰岛人的生存带来新的契机，是与第三段最后两句的内容紧密

关联的，既不能作为对整篇文章内容的概括，也不是开始一个全新的话题，更不是继续讨论

冰岛暗淡的经济前景，故[C]为答案，排除[A]、[B]、[D]。

[D] continues to depict the bleak economic situation.（根据[C]解可排除。）

【语境记忆】

pristine a. primitive or original远古的，原始状态的；未受损的；纯朴的

bypass vt. to go around or avoid绕过，绕开；忽视

encumber vt. to hinder or impede; make difficult; hamper妨碍，拖累

mind-set n. mentality思想倾向，心态

attune vt.

to adjust or accustom 使适应，调和，使相合

imprint n. a distinguishing influence or effect深刻的印象，印记

outlying a. relatively distant or remote from a center or middle远离中心的，偏僻的

ostensibly ad. apparently; seemingly表面上地，外表上地

impose vt. to force (oneself, one’s opinions etc.) on a person强加于；征(税等)，处以(罚款

等)

allotment n. a portion or amount allotted分配数

infuse vt. to put into or introduce as if by pouring 将…注入；(向…)灌输

spin-off n. byproduct副产品

【参考译文】

现在，世界其他地方的人们提起冰岛这个西欧最后的原始荒野时，多少有点儿心驰神往。

[27]但是，席卷全球的环保意识却绕过了多数冰岛人。当然他们与自己的土地有联系，就像

是人们与自己无法改变的家庭联系着或被其拖累着一样。但事实是，一旦你离开人们居住的

低洼海岸地区那些被踩出来的路，就很少会发现道路了，并且道路都非常糟糕，所以人们无

法到达冰岛的自然奇观，甚至冰岛居民都对它们一无所知。对他们来说，土地一直都在那儿，

如果有可能，应该做点儿什么进行土地开发利用，[27]人们的思维认为土地是商品而不是与

“蒙娜丽莎”等量级的无价的艺术品。

2003年机会出现了，国家电力公司与美国铝业公司签订了40年的合同，为一家新的冶

炼厂提供水力发电，那些几十年来一直梦想着有这样机会的人们欢呼雀跃，义无反顾。冰岛

目前可能是全球最富裕的国家之一，识字率高达99%，人均寿命很长。[28]但是，这一项目

19

学英语 找长喜

的倡导者，其中一些人已上了年纪，越发在感情上适应了国家几个世纪以来经受的匮乏、困

苦以及丹麦的殖民奴役。殖民统治直到1944年才正式结束，留在人们心里的印记仍历久常

新。长时间以来，这里的生活不过意味着茅草屋、黑暗的冬天、寒冷、没有希望，无数将死

的儿童、地震、瘟疫、饥饿以及摧毁了所有植被、家畜和一切生灵的火山喷发——这是一个

几乎全部生活都围绕着羊群是否安康，以及之后的鳕鱼捕捞情况如何的世界。在边远地区，

很大程度上仍然是这样。

从表面上看，美铝项目是为了挽救这些垂死的地区——偏远和人口稀少的东部——在那

里，生活逐渐衰败到濒临绝望和沮丧。[29]在20世纪80年代早期强制实施捕捞配额以保护

鱼类资源后，许多个体船主或出售其配额或送给他人，最终捕鱼权大多掌握在少数公司手中，

小渔民几乎灭绝。技术进步挤掉了更多原本由手工来做的工作，人们看到的是他们一生所做

的工作都变得毫无价值，[29]他们的子女也都搬走了。[30]随着旧生活方式的消亡，不管明

智与否，像这样的美铝项目就被视为最后的机会。“治炼厂或死亡。”

与美铝的合约将外国资本注入该地区，随之而来的估计有400个职位和附带的服务行

业。这也是冰岛发展专门知识的一种途径，将来这些专门知识有可能被卖到世界其他地区，

让历史上依赖于捕鱼的经济多样化，能够引人注目地展示冰岛人乐观进取的气魄，（30C）

甚至可能一劳永逸地保护冰岛所有人摆脱生命本身的不可预测性。

Halldor Asgrimsson说：“我们必须生活”。他是冰岛前总理，地区议会的长期成员，

参与推动了该项目，“我们有生存的权利。”

PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

同于专四Part IV排版格式，左边试题，中间选项，右边解析。

31. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

[A] The British constitution includes the Magna Carta of 1215.

[B] The British constitution includes Parliamentary acts.

[C] The British constitution includes decisions made by courts of law.

[D] The British constitution includes one single written constitution.

【解析】选[D]。英国没有成文宪法，是典型的不成文法国家，以判例法为主。不成文宪法

是指不具有统一法典形式，而散见于多种法律文书，由国家认可并赋予其法律效力的习惯、

判例等。因此[D]表述有误。

32. The first city ever founded in Canada is

[A] Quebec.

[B] Vancouver.

[C] Toronto.

[D] Montreal.

【解析】选[A]。魁北克市是魁北克省的省会，是法国人到北美后建立的第一个居民点，至

今已有近400年的历史。温哥华是仅次于多伦多、蒙特利尔的第三大城市，有200多年的历

史。多伦多也只有300多年的发展历史。作为魁北克省最大的城市，蒙特利尔是加拿大历史

最悠久的城市之一，约在350年前由法国人建立。因此本题答案选[A]。

33. When did the Australian Federation officially come into being?

[A] 1770.

[B] 1788.

[C] 1900.

[D] 1901.

【解析】选[D]。1770年，英国航海家库克船长（Captain James Cook）发现澳大利亚东

海岸，宣布这片土地是英国的属土。1788年1月26日，由菲利普船长率领的一支有6

艘船的船队共1530人正式在澳大利亚杰克逊港（Port Jackson）建立起第一个英国殖民

区。后来英国人不断移居，在澳大利亚逐渐建立起六个各自为政的殖民区。1900年，

全部六个殖民地的居民举行了一人一票的全民公决，用投票决定是否把六个殖民地统

一成一个联邦国家。1901年1月1日，六个殖民区统一成为联邦，澳大利亚联邦成立，

同时通过第一部宪法。原来的六个殖民区遂成为联邦下属的六个州。

34. The Emancipation Proclamation to end the slavery plantation system in the South of the U.S.

20

学英语 找长喜

was issued by

[A] Abraham Lincoln.

[B] Thomas Paine.

[C] George Washington.

[D] Thomas Jefferson.

【解析】选[A]。《解放奴隶宣言》是由美国总统亚伯拉罕·林肯发布的。[B]托马斯·潘恩

积极主张废除奴隶制，写过《在美洲的非洲奴隶》一文，和本杰明·富兰克林一起废

除了宾州的奴隶制。[C]乔治·华盛顿为美利坚合众国第一任总统。[D]托马斯·杰弗逊为

美国第三任总统，同时也是美国独立宣言（1776年）主要起草人。

35. ________ is best known for the technique of dramatic monologue in his poems.

[A] William Blake

[B] W. B. Yeats

[C] Robert Browning

[D] William Wordsworth

【解析】选[C]。罗伯特·勃朗宁（1812-1889），是与丁尼生齐名的维多利亚时期的诗人和

剧作家。主要作品有Dramatic Lyrics（《戏剧抒情诗》）、Dramatic Personae（《剧中人物》）、

The Ring and the Book（《指环与书》）等。勃朗宁对英国诗歌的最大贡献，是发展和完善了

戏剧独白诗（Dramatic monologue）这样一种独特的诗歌形式，并且用它鲜明而生动地塑造

了各种不同类型的人物性格，深刻而复杂地展示了人的内在心理。[A]威廉·布莱克的代表

作是Songs of Innocence（《天真之歌》）和Songs of Experience（《经验之歌》）。[B]叶芝是爱

尔兰诗人和剧作家。[D]威廉·华兹华斯是“湖畔派”的主要代表，与柯勒律治合出Lyrical

Ballads（《抒情歌谣集》）。

36. The Financier is written by

[A] Mark Twain.

[B] Henry James.

[C] William Faulkner.

[D] Theodore Dreiser.

【解析】选[D]。西奥多·德莱塞（1871～1945），美国小说家，代表作有《嘉莉妹妹》、《金

融家》、《美国悲剧》等。[A]马克·吐温的主要作品有：《卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》、《傻

子国外旅行记》、《艰苦岁月》、《镀金时代》、《汤姆·索耶历险记》、《国外流浪汉》、《王子

与贫儿》、《密西西比河上》、《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》等。[B]亨利·詹姆斯的代表作有《美

国人》、《一个贵妇人的画像》、《鸽翼》、《金碗》、《黛西·米勒》[C]威廉姆·福克纳，美国

小说家，美国“南方文学”流派的代表人物，其代表作有《喧嚣与骚动》、《献给艾米丽的

玫瑰》等。

37. In literature a story in verse or prose with a double meaning is defined as

[A] allegory.

[B] sonnet.

[C] blank verse.

[D] rhyme.

【解析】选[A]。allegory“寓言故事”是文学体裁的一种，是含有讽喻或明显教训意义的故

事。这种故事有两层含义，即字面意义(a literal meaning)和象征意义(a symbolic meaning)，

故答案选[A]。[B]是“十四行诗”；[C]是“无韵体诗”；[D]指的是“押韵”。

38. ________ refers to the learning and development of a language.

[A] Language acquisition

[B] Language comprehension

[C] Language production

[D] Language instruction

【解析】选[A]。语言习得是指一个人对一种语言的学习和发展。[B]“语言理解”就是对语

言意义的理解，包括单词识别、句子理解和篇章理解。[C]“语言产出”包括词的生成、句

子的生成和书面语的生成三个阶段。[D]是指“语言教学”。

39. The word “Motel” comes from “motor + hotel”. This is an example of ________ in

morphology.

[A] backformation

[B] conversion

21

学英语 找长喜

[C] blending

[D] acronym

【解析】选[C]。[A]“逆生法”与“派生法”（derivation）恰好相反，派生法借助词缀构成

新词，而逆生法则去掉被误认为是后缀的部分构成新词，如laze由lazy逆生而成，televise

则由television逆生而成；[B]“转类法”是指通过词类的转换构成新词，如bottle名词变作

动词；[C]“拼缀法”是对两个或多个词进行剪裁，取舍其中的组成部分，然后拼合成一个

新词，如：sit-tragedy（由situation和tragedy拼缀而成）以及题目中的motel；[D]“首字

母缩略词”是将相关词句的第一个字母组合成一个新词，如laser和AIDS。

40. Language is a tool of communication. The symbol “Highway Closed” on a highway serves

[A] an expressive function.

[B] an informative function.

[C] a performative function.

[D] a persuasive function.

【解析】选[B]。语言是一种交流工具。高速路上的标志“Highway Closed”告诉人们高速公路

已封，这用到了语言的信息功能，故[B]正确。

PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION

参考六级的Part V Error Correction，注意左栏的内容完全按下面内容分行。左栏与中间

栏留划线的空。

左栏 中间

So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally

complete and perfect as instruments of communication: that

is, every language appears to be well equipped as any other (1) as

to say the things their speakers want to say. (2) its

There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive (3) It

peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not

all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics

or psychology or the cultivation of rice. Whereas this is not (4) But

the fault of their language. The Eskimos, it is said, can speak

about snow with further more precision and subtlety than we (5) much

can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language

(one of those sometimes miscalled “primitive”) is inherently

more precise and subtle than English. This example does

not come to light a defect in English, a show of unexpected (6) bring

“primitiveness”. The position is simply and obviously that

the Eskimos and the English live in similar environments. (7) different

The English language will be just as rich in terms for (8) would

different kinds of snow if the environments in which English

was habitually used made such distinction as important. (9) /

Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo

language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of

motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed the part (10) a或/

of the Eskimos’ life.

右栏

1.【快速找错】句中的as当介词“作为”讲语义不通，因此应该是用作副词，用于as…as

结构。

【解析】be ∧well — as。固定搭配as…as意为“像…一样”，这里说“语言同其他事物一样，

是完备的（well equipped）”。

2.【快速找错】观察错误所在句发现，their speakers中的their应该指代“语言”，前面“语

言”是单数，这里却用复数形式，故将错误锁定在their上。

【解析】their — its。前文提到every language，因此这里应用单数形式its来指代。

3.【快速找错】There be后面跟的是形容词，这与there be 句型不符，考虑there或be出错。

【解析】There — It。It作形式主语，代替后面的不定式to talk about primitive peoples or

22

学英语 找长喜

cultures。

4. 【快速找错】psychology与the cultivation of rice是选择关系，or用法正确；this也指代明

确，故将错误锁定在连词Whereas上。

【解析】Whereas — But。上句提到“当然，并非所有民族在核物理学、心理学或水稻栽培

上能力相当”，下句说“这不能归咎于他们的语言”，上下句为转折关系。而whereas在使用

时，一般是一前一后的两种情况作对比，中间用逗号隔开，不能单独引导一个句子，故将

Whereas换成But。

5.【快速找错】further不可以修饰比较级。

【解析】further — much。more在这里是比较级形式，若其前需加修饰语，应用much，further

不可以修饰比较级。

6.【快速找错】come to light意为“显露，暴露，为众人所知”，后面不跟宾语。

【解析】come — bring。bring to light是固定搭配，意为“揭露，揭示”，后面跟宾语。

7.【快速找错】“爱斯基摩人与英国人生活在相似的环境中”不符合常识，将错误定在similar

上。

【解析】similar — different。根据常识和下文，爱斯基摩人与英国人生活在不同的环境，故

similar需换做different。

8.【快速找错】观察错误所在句发现，本句在假设一种情况，而will不能用于虚拟语气，故

确定will为错。

【解析】will — would。if从句谓语动词是过去时，故主句谓语动词要用过去将来时，will

需改为would。

9.【快速找错】was habitually used没有出现错误，故将错误锁定在“make+宾语+宾补”结

构上。

【解析】as — /。make+名词+形容词，形容词可以直接作make的补语，前面不需要加as。

10. 【快速找错】本句也使用了虚拟语气，谓语动词formed没有出错；定冠词the用于特指，

用在此处不合适。

【解析】the — /或a。表示“…的一部分”用a part of 或 part of。而the part of表示“…的

那一部分”，是特指的。

PARTⅤ TRANSLATION

下面排版【短文综述】类似于前面的【听前预测】，通栏排。之下的内容还分三栏【原文】

居左栏，【难点注释】居中，这两部分之间空距，以备连线。右栏为【答案】。排好后将【原

文】、【难点注释】、【答案】这三个标题删除。

SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH

【短文综述】这段文字摘自2008年6月9日刊登在《解放日报》上的《听南怀瑾讲述99

个人生道理》连载系列之《交友之道与豪猪哲学》，意在说明朋友之间应该相互尊重，不应

随便过头。作者言简意赅，大量使用了汉语常见的无主语或省略主语的句子。

【原文】

朋友之间，情趣相

投、脾气对味则合、则交；

反之，则离、则绝。朋友

之间再熟悉、再亲密，也

不能随便过头，不恭不

敬。不然，默契和平衡将

被打破，友好关系将不复

存在。每个人都希望拥有

自己的私密空间，朋友之

【难点注释】

1.第一句较对仗工整。“情趣相投”与“脾气对味”中的“相投”

和“对味”都可以用congenial一词，故这两处合译为congenial taste

and temper。“则合、则交”指的是“朋友之间相处融洽”，而“则

离、则绝”则为“分离并断绝朋友关系”。

2. 第二句中“再熟悉、再亲密”其实是“无论多么熟悉，无论多

么亲密”的意思，故将句子前半句处理成让步状语从句。

3.第三句与上句形成转折关系，用otherwise引出。

4.第四句较长，把握句子的主语是关键。此外，这句话包含两层

23

学英语 找长喜

间过于随便，就容易侵入

这片禁区，从而引起冲

突，造成隔阂。待友不敬，

或许只是一件小事，却可

能已埋下了破坏性的种

子。维持朋友亲密关系的

最好办法是往来有节，互

不干涉。

意思，因此可以处理成两个句子，或处理成由and连接的并列句。

后半句“朋友之间过于随便”假设了一种情况，故用if引出条件

句，“就容易侵入这片禁区”处理成it作形式主语的句子，“从

而…”可使用定语从句来丰富句式。

5.第五句的主语是“待友不敬”，译成不定式“to be rude to friends”，

再用it作形式主语，将不定式后置。本句使用了比喻，翻译时保

留。

6.最后一句“…的最好办法是…”可使用句型“The best way

to…is….”。

【答案】

Friends tend to get along well if they have congenial taste and temper; otherwise they will separate

and break off their relationship. No matter how familiar and close, friends are not supposed to be

so casual about manners as to show no respect for each other. Otherwise the harmony and balance

will be broken, and the friendship will also be nonexistent any more. Everyone hopes to have his

own private space, and if too casual among friends, it is easy to invade this piece of restricted

areas, which will lead to conflict and estrangement. It may be a small matter to be rude to friends;

however, it is likely to plant the devastating seeds. The best way to keep a close relationship

between friends is to keep in contact with restraint, and not to interfere with each other.

SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE

【短文综述】该段材料节选自英国散文家Thomas De Quincey所著的Confessions of an

English Opium-Eater (1821)一书中The Pains of Opium一节中的一个段落。这段文字清新隽

永，描写了作者的一段梦境。

【原文】

I thought that it was a Sunday morning in

May, that it was Easter Sunday, and as yet very

early in the morning. I was standing at the door

of my own cottage. Right before me lay the

very scene which could really be commanded

from that situation, but exalted, as was usual,

and solemnized by the power of dreams. There

were the same mountains, and the same lovely

valley at their feet; but the mountains were

raised to more than Alpine height, and there

was interspace far larger between them of

meadows and forest lawns; the hedges were

rich with white roses; and no living creature

was to be seen except that in the green

churchyard there were cattle tranquilly reposing

upon the graves, and particularly round about

the grave of a child whom I had once tenderly

loved, just as I had really seen them, a little

before sunrise in the same summer, when that

child died.

【答案】

我想那是五月的一个周日的早晨；那天是复活节，天刚蒙蒙亮。我站在自家小屋的门口。

就在我的面前展现出了那么一番景色，从我那个位置其实能够尽收眼底，可是梦里的感觉往

往如此，由于梦幻的力量，这番景象显得超凡出尘，一派肃穆气象。丛山依旧，山麓令人神

往的幽谷依旧；不过群山挺然参天，高于阿尔卑斯峰。大草原和森林草地之间的空隙也变得

24

【难点注释】

1.第一句强调了五月的某个周日的早晨，翻译

时要译出层层递进的意味。

2. 第三句是一个倒装句，其中含有一个较长

的定语从句。为使译文原汁原味，可以将句

子顺译。command在这里是熟词生义，“俯

瞰”，from that situation是指“从我那个位置”。

3.第四句是由分号和and连接的并列复合句，

句式较复杂。same本意是“同样的”，结合

语境译为“依旧”。…there was interspace far

larger between them of meadows and forest

lawns…较难理解，of meadows and forest

lawns是限定interspace的，而between them

是嵌入状语，them则指代meadows and forest

lawns而非mountains。…no living creature was

to be seen为被动语态，为了使上下文连贯，

转译作主动语态。后半句定语从句whom I

had once tenderly loved稍加补充翻译。a little

before sunrise译为“天刚要破晓”。

学英语 找长喜

大多了。树篱上开满白蔷薇；远近看不见任何生物，唯有苍翠的教堂庭院里，牛群静静地卧

躺在那片郁郁葱葱的墓地歇息，好几头围绕着一个小孩的坟墓，那儿埋葬着我曾经深爱的孩

子。那同样是个夏天，天刚要破晓，孩子却魂归天国，我如同当年那样望着牛群。

PART VI WRITING

排版参考上半年的专四真题点评。

【审题】本文要讨论的话题为“是否采用国外设计蓝图将贵阳附近的山区开发成商业中心”，

文章要求考生自拟题目，在第一部分表明自己的观点，第二部分陈述理由论证观点，第三部

分总结前文观点。行文时应注意理由要充分、语言要简练，同时注意句式的变化。

【思路】第一段：首先引出话题，然后给出正反两方面的观点，之后提出自己的看法。

第二至三段：从两个方面论证自己的观点。

第四段：总结全文，重申观点。

An urban design should take the city’s local conditions into account

Recently there is a heated discussion [1]in the wake of a report that a foreign design company

invited by officials in a little-known mountainous area in Guiyang provided a blueprint of a

“central business district” for the city without paying too much attention to the city’s unique

characteristics. [2]As is often the case, people disagree, falling into two camps. Some appreciate

the bold innovation of the design while others [3]vote with their feet. The only [4]bone of

contention here is whether the design, which fails to reflect regional characteristics or local

cultural heritage, is [5]in perfect accord with the reality of Guiyang’s economic development.

From my point of view, I tend to believe that any urban design should be based on the local

conditions and make full use of the local resources, the cultural heritage in particular.

In the first place, a city’s regional characteristics or local cultural heritage are part of its

identity. A “central business district” made up of unconventional, super-futuristic buildings may be

the most typical sight projecting a [6]skyline of a modern city, but it may not go with the general

style of the rest parts of the city and do nothing in promoting the city’s unique cultural heritage. As

is known to all, the local cultural heritage is handed down [7]from age to age and can never be

regained once lost. Take Beijing for example. Over the past decades, Beijing has witnessed a large

number of hutongs [8]removed from people’s sight in the course of internationalization. Just

imagine can this city be mentioned in the future as the only one that is famous for hutongs without

them?

In the second place, a “central business district” made up of unconventional, super-futuristic

buildings may need [9]astronomical sums of money, which will put Guiyang deep into debt. On

the other hand, a design taking local conditions into account and taking advantage of the local

resources costs less. Here there is an instructive [10]precedent. In the past, we developed foreign

trade in the coastal area and high-tech industry in the interior of China, which turned out to be

quite fruitful.

In a word, it is not wise to adopt a foreign design that fails to take the city’s cultural heritage

into account. The designers should give due attention to the city’s regional characteristics.

【点评】

[1]“紧紧跟随；随着…而来，作为…的结果”，引出讨论的话题。

[2]“通常就是这样”，非限制性定语从句丰富文章句式。

[3] 政治用语，意为“不支持”，表达新颖。

[4]“争议的焦点”，固定搭配。

[5]“符合，一致”，用语准确。

[6]“(建筑物等在天空映衬下的)空中轮廓线”，用词地道。

[7]“世世代代”，固定短语。

[8]“移出人们的视线”，用词生动。

[9]“(指数量)庞大的”，用词准确。

25

学英语 找长喜

[10] “先例，范例”。

26