王蔷《英语教学法教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(口语教学

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第10章 口语教学

10.1 复习笔记

本章要点：

1. Characteristics of spoken language

口语的特点

2. Four common features of spoken language

口语的四个共同特征

3. Activities help prepare students for real-life speech in English

为学生做好日常口语准备的活动

4. General principles of teaching speaking

口语教学的普遍原则

5. Two factors considered in designing speaking tasks

设计口语任务要考虑的两个因素

6. Common characteristics in successful speaking task

成功的口语任务的共性

7. Two types of communicative speaking activities

两种不同类型的交际口语活动

8. Some kinds of speaking activities

几种不同类型的口语活动

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使用分组教学的优势

本章考点：

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十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

9. Advantages of using group in speaking tasks

口语的特点及对教学的暗示；口语的四个共同特征；为学生做好日常口语准备的活动；

口语教学的普遍原则；设计口语任务要考虑的两个因素；成功的口语任务的共性；两种不同

类型的交际口语活动；几种不同类型的口语活动；使用分组教学的优势。

本章内容索引：

Ⅰ. Differences between spoken and written language

1. Characteristics of spoken language

2. Four common features of spoken language

3. Activities helpful to prepare students for real-life speech in English

4. Some implications to teaching

Ⅱ. Principles for teaching speaking

Ⅲ. Designing speaking tasks

1. Two factors considered in designing speaking tasks

2. Common characteristics in successful speaking tasks

Ⅳ.Types of speaking tasks

1. Two major purposes for listening

2. Two types of communicative speaking activities

3. Some kinds of speaking activities

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4. Other speaking activities

Ⅴ.Organizing speaking tasks

Ⅵ.Conclusion

Ⅰ.Differences between spoken and written language （口语与书面语的区别）

【考点：口语的特点及对教学的暗示】

Speaking is a skill that the students will be judged upon most in real-life

situations.

口语是用来判断学生在实际生活中使用最多的技能。

1. Characteristics of spoken language （口语的特点）

Any tasks for practicing speaking should reflect the special characteristics of

spoken language.

任何口语练习任务应该反应口语的特殊特性。

①One of the characteristics of speech in everyday life is that speech is

spontaneous. The fact that speech is spontaneous means that it is full of false

starts, repetitions, incomplete sentences, and short phrases.

现实生活中口语的一大特征是自发性。口语是自发的，指的是在口语中充满不当的始

发话语、重复、不完整的句子和短语。

②Another aspect of producing spoken language is the time-constraint.

口语的另一个特征是有时间约束。

The students must be able to produce unplanned utterances in real time,

otherwise people will not have the patience to listen to them.

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在现实生活中学生必须在没有准备时能进行口语交流，否则人们将没有耐心听他们说话。

2. Four common features of spoken language （by Bygate, 1987）（口语的四个共同

特征）

①Using less complex syntax;

很少用复杂句型；

②Taking short cuts, e.g. incomplete sentences;

采用简短的语言，比如不完整的句子；

③Using fixed conventional phrases/chunks;

使用固定的常用短语或语块；

④Using devices such as fillers, hesitation devices to give time to think before

speaking.

在说话前花时间使用填充词、停顿技巧。

3. Activities helpful to prepare students for real-life speech in English （为学生做好

日常口语准备的活动）

（Adapted from Bygate, 1987:8）

①reading aloud; 大声朗读；

②giving a prepared talk; 发言前作好准备；

③learning a piece of text or dialogue by heart; 用心学习文章或对话；

④interviewing someone, or being interviewed; 采访别人或被采访；

⑤doing a drill. 进行操练。

The 4th one is the only activity that would help students prepare for

spontaneous speech; the 2nd one is the only other activity that is realistic; The

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other three activities are merely language practice activities that have very little

basis in real life and therefore need to be supplemented with more realistic

activities especially as the level of the learner increases.

第4个是帮学生准备自发性言语的唯一活动；第2个是唯一的实际的活动，其它三个

活动只是语言练习活动，缺少现实基础，因此，随着学习者能力的加强，他们需要更多贴合

实际的练习。

One advantage in learning to speak compared with learning to write is that the

speaker gets immediate feedback from the listener, so the speaker can adjust the

message immediately.

与学习写作相比，学习用口语交流的一个优点是可以得到听者的即时反馈，所以说话者

可以立刻调整信息。

4. Some implications to teaching（对教学的启示）

When speaking, it is quite natural for people to repeat, rephrase, ask for

clarification or use incomplete sentences. Both teachers and students need to learn

to accept repetitions, rephrases, hesitations, incomplete sentences, fillers or pauses.

当说话时，人们重复、改述、要求用明确的话语或使用不完整的句子是都是很自然的事

情。老师和学生应该学会接受别人说话时的重复、改述、犹豫、不完整的句子、补充或停顿。

In training students’ speaking skills, features of natural speech should be

accepted. This does not only have implications for teaching speaking but also for

assessing speaking.

在训练学生的语言表达技巧时，应该接受自然的口语特性。这不仅对英语教学还对评估

教学有启示作用。

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Ⅱ. Principles for teaching speaking（口语教学的原则）

【考点：口语教学的原则】

General principles of teaching speaking that teachers should be aware of：

教师应该意识到的口语教学的普遍法则：

（1）Balancing accuracy-based with fluency-based practices（平衡以准确度为基础的

练习和流畅性为基础的练习）

Structure-based practice: a focus on forms—grammar, vocabulary and so

on/linguistic competence.

基于结构的练习：注重形式—语法、词汇等也就是语言能力。

Fluency-based practices: to develop fluency/to encourage students to use the

language more freely and stimulate real language use.

流畅性为基础的练习：提高口语流畅性，鼓励学生更自如地使用语言和在真实条件下使

用语言。

Balance: teaching context, students’ level of proficiency and resources

available.

平衡：教学环境，学生的熟练水平和可利用的资源。

（2）Contextualizing practice（情景化练习）

People use different language in different contexts. It is important for students

to have a chance to experience the language in meaningful context.

不同语境下人们使用不同的语言。学生要有在有意义的语境下体验语言的机会。

Teacher: identify a situation in which a target structure is commonly used.

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