中国建筑英语介绍文章范文阅读

中国建筑英语介绍文章范文阅读

The Ancient Architecture

中国古代建筑艺术

Chinese architecture is an independent art featuring wooden structures. It

consists of various roof molding, upturned eaves and wings, dougong with

paintings, vermilion pillars and golden

roofs, ornament gates and gardening. All of these embody the maturity

and artistic appeal of Chinese architecture. 7000 years ago, mortise and tenon

and tongue-and-groove were used in Hemudu.

The buildings of Banpo village had the division of antechamber and back

rooms. Great palaces were built in Shangyin period. Bricks and tiles were used

and the layout of Siheyuan emerged in the

Western Zhou. There are even building drawings in Spring and Autumn and

the Warring States periods passed down.

中国建筑体系是以木结构为特色阳的建筑艺术。传统建筑叫种屋顶造型、飞檐翼角、

斗拱彩画、朱柱金顶、内外装修门及园林景物等，充分体现出中国建筑艺术的纯熟和感染

力。七千年前河姆渡文化中即有桦卵和企口做法。半坡村已有前堂后室之分。商殷时已出

现高大宫室。西周时已使用砖瓦并有四合院布局。春秋战国时期更有建筑图传世。京邑台

栅宫室内外梁柱、斗拱上均作装饰，墙壁上饰以壁画。

In Qin and Han, wooden building tended to be mature gradually. Complex

buildings, like Epang Palace, were constructed. Temples and pagodas developed

rapidly in the period of Weijin and

Southern and Northern dynasties. Glass tiles used in Sui and Tang made

the building more glorious. The city construction in the period of Five

dynasties and Song was booming. Luxury restaurants

and shops with lofts and railings were very beautiful. Many palaces and

private gardens built in Ming and Qing are reserved today, which are more

magnificent and stately than that of the Song

Dynasty.

秦汉时期木构建筑日趋成熟，建筑宏伟壮观，装饰丰富，舒展优美，出现了阿房宫等

庞大的建筑组群。魏晋南北朝时期佛寺、佛塔迅速发展。隋唐时期建筑采用琉璃瓦，更是

富丽堂皇。五代、两宋都市建筑兴22，商业繁荣，豪华的酒楼、商店各有飞阁栏槛，风格

秀丽。明清时代的宫殿苑固和私家园林保存至今者尚多，建筑亦较宋代华丽繁琐、威严自

在。

The Basic Components of the Ancient Chinese Building

中国古代建筑的基本组成

台基

It is also called base pedestal, which is the base of the building. Its

surface is higher than ground. Base is for bolstering the building and

protecting it against damp or corrosion. In the

meantime, it can make up for the imperfection that the single-building

in Chinese ancient architecture is insufficient in grandness and height.

Generally there are four kinds of bases.

也称基座。系高出地面的建筑物底U叫建筑时时潮防腐，同时可弥补中国古建筑单体

建筑不甚高大雄伟的欠缺。大致有四种。

A. Common base

1.普通台基

It is almost 1 Chinese chi in height, which tamped and cemented with the

mixed earth of white Clay or mud or brickbat. Common base is usually used for

constructing the small type of building.

用素土或灰土或碎砖三合土芳筑而成，约高一尺，常用于小式建筑。

B. Higher Class base

2.较高级台基

It is higher than common base. The white marble banister is often built at

the side of this type of base. Higher-class base is used for the less

important building in big type buildings or

palace buildings.

较普通台基高，常在台基上边建汉白玉栏杆，用于大式建筑或宫殿建筑中的次要建筑。

C. Much higher Class base

3.更高级台基

It is the XuMi Base，which is also called Buddha's warrior Base. "XuMi" is

a mountain in ancient India myth, which is said locating in world center and

is the tallest mount，cosmos. The sun,

moon and stars appear and disappear among it and all the structures of

universe need to build up alongside its layers. Xu-Mi Base is used as base of

the figure of Buddha or shrine to show the

lofty greatness of Buddha. The ancient Chinese architecture uses the

XuMi base to show the buildings' class. It is generally built up in layers

with brick or stone, much higher class base has

cave，convex line feet，and line decoration in it, and the white marble

banister is built at its stage. It is used for constructing the palace and the

big temple in common.

即须弥座，又名金刚座。"须弥"是古印度神话中的山名，相传位于世界中心，系宇宙

间最高的山，日月星辰出没其间，三界诸天也依傍它层层建立。须弥座用阴影

佛像或神鑫的台基，用以显示佛的崇高伟大。中国古建筑采用须弥座表示建筑的级别。

一般用砖或石砌成，上有凹凸线脚和纹饰，台上建有汉白玉栏杆，常用于宫殿和著名寺院

中的主要殿堂建筑。

D. The highest-class base

4.最高级台基

It is folded by several XuMi Bases to make the building seem to be more

large and grand. The highest-class base is usually used in the most superior

buildings, for example, the three greatest

halls of the Imperial Palace and Dacheng Hall of Confucian Temple in

Qufu of Shandong，which are just towering aloft on the highest-class base.

由几个须弥座相叠而成，从而使建筑物显得更为宏伟高大，常用于最高级建筑，如故

宫三大殿和山东曲阜孔庙大成殿即耸立在最高级台基上。

Wood Cylinder

木头圆柱

It is the cylindrical wood in common made of pine or bucket wood. Wood

cylinder is placing on the stage of which the bottom is made of rock sometimes

bronze utensils. Many wood cylinders

are used for propping up the purling of the house to form the beam.

常用松木或桶木制成的圆柱形木头。置于石头有时是铜器为底的台上。多根木头圆柱，

用于支撑屋面穰条，形成梁架。

Room Width

开间

The space that is rounded by four wood cylinders is called "Opening".

Those openings which face the building are called "room width", 0r called

"Miankuo". The vertical depth number is called

"enter depth". The Chinese in ancient times took odd number as good luck

numbers, so the great majority of openings in the flat surface combination are

odd numbers; and more openings mean the

higher grades. Taihe Hall of the Imperial Palace in Peking and the Main

Hall of Ancestral Temple in Peking have 11 openings both.

四根木头圆柱围成的空间称为"间"。建筑的迎面间数称为"开间或称"面阔"。建筑的

纵深间数称"进深"。中国古代以奇数为吉祥数字，所以平面组合中绝大多数的开间为单数;

而且开间越多，等级越高。北京故宫太和殿，北京太庙大开间为十一间。

Crossbeam , Namely Horizontal Beam

大梁，即横梁

It is the main wood which is erected on the wood cylinder to form the

ridge of roof. It is usually made of pine, elm or cedar. In Chinese

traditional wood structure buildings, it is one of

the main pieces of framework.

架于木头圆柱上的一根最主要的木头，以形成屋脊。常用松木、榆木或杉木制成。是

中国传统木结构建筑中骨架的主件之一。

Arch

斗拱

It is a special component in the Chinese ancient building. The square

board is called "Dou", the short bow wood is called "arch"，the long inclined

wood is called "Ang"，and "arch" is their

general name. Usually it is placed among the pillar head and forehead，

face of the house to prop up a beam and pick up eaves and it also has a

decorative function. It is made up of the square

wood, the short bow wood and the long inclined wood, mixing in length

and breadth layer upon layer and pursuing a layer to pick outwardly to form a

pad base which is to descend.

是中国古代建筑独特的构件。方形木块叫斗，弓形短木叫拱，斜置长木叫昂，总称斗

拱。一般置于柱头和额柿、屋面之间，用来支撑荷载梁架、挑出屋檐，兼具装饰作用。由

斗形木块、弓形短木、斜置长木组成，纵横交错层叠，逐层向外挑出，形成上大下小的托

座。

Colorful Painting

彩画

It is originally for protecting wood structure against damp and corrosion

and insect-eating，afterwards the press of it is just the adornment. After

Song Dynasty, the colorful paintings have

become the indispensable adornment art of palace. It is divided into

three grades.

原是为木结构防潮、防腐、防蛙，后来才突出其装饰性，宋代以后彩画已成为宫殿不

可缺少的装饰艺术。可分为三个等级。

A. The Hexi colorful painting

1.和经彩画

It is the highest colorful painting in grade. Its main characteristics are:

the center of the painting is made up of various pictures of dragons or

phoenix and using the flower patterns to

fill the space; both sides of the paintings use 《》 to frame and daub

them with some shining coating such as gilding to make them look very

magnificent.

是等级最高的彩画。其主要特点是：中间的画面由各种不同的龙或凤的图案组成，间

补以花卉图案;画面两边用《》框住，并且沥粉贴金，金碧辉煌，十分壮丽。

B. The circle colorful painting

2.旋子彩画

Its grade is next to the Hexi colorful painting. The painting uses the

simplified form of flowers with the eddy petals; sometimes it can also draw

dragon and phoenix. The two sides may frame

with gilding powder It is generally used in the less important palace or

temples.

等级次于和窒彩画。画面用简化形式的涡卷瓣旋花，有时也可画龙凤，两边框起，可

以贴金粉，也可以不贴金粉。一般用在次要宫殿或寺庙中。

C. The colorful painting of Su's type

3.苏式彩画

Its Grade is lower than the two kinds above. The picture covers landscape,

person story, flowers, birds, fish, , the both sides use "《》"

or " " to frame. "" is called

"wrapper" by architects. The colorful painting of Su's type is

developing from the "wrapper" colorful painting of the South of the Yangze

River.

等级低于前两种。画面为山水、人物故事、花鸟鱼虫等，两边用《》或框起。" "被

建筑家们称作"包袱苏式彩画，便是从江南的包袱彩画演变而来的。

Roof called in ancient times "House Cover"

屋顶古称屋盖

The Chinese traditional roof has the following seven kinds, the Palace Wu

of the double-eave roof and the heavy summit of hill of the double-eave roof

are the highest grades , and then

followed with the Palace Wu of the single-eave roof and the heavy summit

of hill of the single-eave roof.

中国传统屋顶有以下七种，其中以重檐庞殿顶、重檐歇山顶为级别最高，其次为单檐

庞殿、单檐歇山顶。

A. The roof of the Palace Wu

1.庞殿顶

Its all sides are sloping with one positive ridge and four inclined ridges.

The house's surface has a little bit radian，it is also called Four A Roof.

四面斜坡，有一条正脊和四条斜脊，屋面稍有弧度，又称四阿顶。

B. The roof of the heavy summit of hill

2.歇山顶

It is a combination of the roof of the Palace Wu and the hard summit of

hill, which means the upper part of the house surface with four sloping sides,

and turns to the triangle wall surface

which is hanging straight. There are one positive ridge, four hanging

ridges and four dependent ridges in it, so it is also called nine-ridge roof.

是庞殿顶和硬山顶的结合，即四面斜坡的屋面上部转折成垂直的兰角形墙面。有一条

正脊、四条垂脊，四条依脊组成，所以又称九脊顶。

C. The roof of the hang summit of hill

3.悬山顶

It is that the two sides of the double ascent of the house surface stretch

out the gable wall. There is a positive ridge and four hanging ridges on the

house surface, so we also call it the

roof of the picking-summit of hill.

屋面双坡，两侧伸出山墙之外。屋面上有一条正脊和四条垂脊，又称挑山顶。

D. The roof of the hard summit of hill

4.硬山顶

The double ascents of the house surface and two sides of the gable wall

are at the same level of the house surface, or slightly higher than it.

屋面双坡，两侧山墙同屋面齐平，或略高于屋面。

E. The roof of the accumulating top

5.攒尖顶

Its flat surface is circular or polygon and it is a roof of taper up.

There is no positive ridge and several house ridges hand over in the top end.

This type of roof is generally used in

ordinary pavilion, terraces and towers.

平面为圆形或多边形，上为锥形的屋顶，没有正脊，有若干屋脊交于上端。一般亭、

阁、塔常用此式屋顶。

F. The roof of rolling shed

6.卷棚顶

The house surface has double ascents and there is no obvious positive

ridge, that is the connection of the front ond bock of the oscents building up

in layers in a curved form instead of

using the ridges.

屋面双墟，没有明显的正脊，即前后坡相接处不用脊而砌成弧形曲面。山墙即房子两

侧上部成山尖形的墙面。常见的山墙还有风火山墙，其特点是两侧山墙高出屋面，随屋顶

的斜坡面而呈阶梯形。

Gable Wall

藻井

It is the wall which is formed as the top of mountain at the up of both

sides of the house. The familiar gable wall still has the wind-fire gable wall,

which has the characteristics of two

sides of gable wall being higher than house surface, presenting a stairs

form with the slope surface of the roof.

中国传统建筑中天花板上的一种装饰。名为"藻井含有五行，以水克火，预防火灾之

义。一般都在寺庙佛座上或宫殿的宝座上方。是平顶的凹进部分，有方格形、六角形、八

角形或圆形，上有雕刻或彩绘，常见的有"双龙戏珠"。

Decorated Ceiling Panel Algae Well

It is a kind of adornment on the ceiling in the Chinese traditional

building. "Algae well" implies that the water subdues fire, which con prevent

it from a fire. It is generally above the

Buddha's seat of temples or the throne of the palace. Algae well is the

sunken part of the even roof, there being square space form, hexagon, octagon

or circular, which is engraved or colored

up on it，among those pictures "double dragons play with a bead" is

quite populaor.

Chinese Classical Gardens

中国古典园林

园林一向是中国文化的重要组成部分之一。一般来说，如果没有观赏过中国的园林就

没有真正到过中国。

Garden building is considered a chief component of Chinese culture Some

people say that if you have never walked through a Chinese garden, you cannot

say that you have really visited China.

中国园林历史悠久。最早是皇家贵族的狞猎场，建于公元前11世纪的周朝。秦汉年

间成为皇家的休闲娱乐场所，修建得更加美丽堂皇。明清时期园林建筑进入鼎盛时期，圆

明园是这一时期的杰出代表。与西欧的古典园林不同，前者长于几何建构，中国园林更是

小规模的天然景观。传统的中国园林分三种：皇家园林、私人花园、风景区园林。

The Chinese garden has a long history. It first appeared as early as the

11th century BC during the Zhou Dynasty in the form of a hunting preserve for

emperors and nobles. During the Qin and

Han dynasties, those natural preserves were made more beautiful and

became places of recreation for imperial families. Garden building had its

heyday during the Ming and Qing dynasties and the

imperial garden Yuanmingyuan the Garden of Perfection and Light was

regarded as the masterwork of this period. Different from classical European

gardens, in which geometric patterns dominate,

Chinese gardensαre made to resemble natural landscapes on a smaller

scale. Traditional Chinese gardens fall into three categories: imperial,

private，and landscape gardens.

大多数皇家园林位于华北：北京的北海公园、颐和园、紫禁城，河北承德的避暑山庄，

陕西西安的华清池有名的华清温泉。皇家园林占地面积很大，比如颐和园占地290公顷，

而承德的避暑山庄占地560多公顷是中国最大的皇家园林。园林大体有三种作用：行政管

理、居住，休闲娱乐。在多数的皇家园林中多以南北为轴，园林的主体建筑与此假想中的

中心线连接，其他的建筑分散在山水之间作为辅线与之相互呼应浑然一体。

Most imperial gardens are located in north China: Beihai park; the Summer

Palace; the Imperial Garden of the Forbidden City in Beijing; the Imperial

Summer Resort in Chengde, Hebei Province;

and Huaqing Palace, presently known as Huaqing Hot Spring, in Xi'an, Sha

anxi Province. Imperial gardens occupy large areas. The Summer Palace，for

instance, has an area of 290 hectares while

the Imperial Summer Resort in Chengde, which covers more than 560

hectares, is the largest imperial garden in China. Most of these gardens have

three sections which serve administrative,

residential, and recreational purposes. In large imperial gardens, the

main buildings are connected by an imaginary line in the middle of the garden

on a north-south axis. Other buildings

scattered among hills and waters are linked by subordinate lines,

forming a well-designed symmetry and adding more beauty to the chief

architectural complex.

皇家园林的其他特征为色彩斑斓、人工假山和人工湖，别具一格。以塔、栏杆、屏风、

石桌、石桥、拱桥为其建筑风格的特色。

Other characteristics of imperial gardens are coloured paintings, man-made

hills and lakes, and ingeniously-designed buildings. Structures for artistic

appreciation, such as pagodas,

balustrades, screen walls, stone tablets, bridges，and decorated

archways abound in those gardens.

大多数私家园林多聚集在中国的南方长江以南，多建在住宅的一侧或者是后面。园林

中多为岩石、凉亭、池塘、小桥、树术和花草。四周到处是游廊、装饰、门窗，以便客人

可以欣赏其中的美景。家庭的园林多为花园，用以招待客人、举行宴会、吟诗作画。多为

开放式的且常在水边，以便赏景。蜿蜒曲折的游廊连接着各个景点，也是遮荫避雨的好去

处。

Most private gardens are found in the south, especially in cities south of

the Yangtze River. Private gardens were mostly built at one side or at the

back of the residential houses. In almost

every case, there is a large space in the garden set in a landscape of

artistically arranged rockeries, ponds, pavilions, bridges, trees and flowers.

Surrounding the beautiful scene are small

open areas partitioned by corridors or walls with latticed windows or

beautifully shaped doors through which visitors can enjoy the sights.

Buildings in the garden were used for receiving

guests, holding banquets, reading, or writting poetry. They are open on

all sides and are often situates near the water so that the whole scene can be

enjoyed. The winding corridors connect

various buildings and also provide a covered veranda as shelter from the

rain and shade from the sun.

苏州园林，是"园林中的园林是最好的展现中国传统私家园林的代表。沧浪亭质朴迷

人，狮子林奇石巧布，拙政园水静房献，而留园则是建筑艺术古朴、山水林井然有序，这

些都分别代表了宋、元、明、清时期的园林。

Suzhou, known as the land of gardens, displays the most and the best

Chinese traditional private gardens. Among them, the Pavilion of the Surging

Waves is known for its rustic charm, Lion

Grove for its strange rockeries, the Humble Administrator's Garden for

its tranquil waters and elegant buildings，and the Garden for Lingering in for

its ancient architectural art and the

arrangement of hills, waters, and plants. They are examples of the

garden styles of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties respectively.

扬州的园林多以建筑风格独特、奇山怪石为特征。比如:在葛园中，不同形状的岩石

可以表现不同的季节。南京的詹园，无锡的济昌园和上海的豫园都很著名。

Gardens in Yangzhou are characterized by their architectural style and

artistic rockeries. In the Ge Garden，for example, different formations of

rocks are used to show different seasons. The

Zhan Garden in Nanjing, the Jichang Garden in Wuxi, and the Yu Garden in

Shanghai are also well-known.

广东的园林多以大池塘，建筑颜色鲜艳和植物繁多而著名。顺德的清辉园、东莞的客

园，佛山的十二石馆以及番周的雨音山社都是很好的代表。

Guangdong style gardens are distinguished by large ponds, brightly

coloured buildings，and luxuriant plants. The Qinghui Garden in Shunde, the Ke

Garden in Dongguan，the Twelve Stone Studio in

Foshan，and the Yuyin Mountain House in Panyu are good examples.

风景园林多以自然景观为名，多用于大众休闲。古代的中国人多以“景”来命名风景

区，美丽的名字使其更有意境。比如：杭州的西湖，扬州的二十四瘦西湖、以及济南的八

坝湖等。杭州西湖很具有代表性:在湖心岛的南岸有3个塔，每个有2米高，各有5个出

口。在岛的南角有个“我心相印亭”，透过出口可以看到分成3个部分的月亮，故得名

“三潭映月”。

Landscape gardens are different and are places for public recreation. The

landscape gardens contain a number of pleasant natural scenes. With a few man-

made details, it looks more natural

than artificial. The ancient Chinese used to call garden landscape ring

which means "scene" in English. Good examples include the ten West Lake scenes

in Hangzhou，the twenty-four slim West Lake

scenes in Yangzhou and the Eight Darning Lake scenes in Jinan. In

addition, each scene is endowed with a beautiful name, and each name in only a

few words can express the principal theme of the

scenery and give it a soul. The West Lake is typical. Off the southern

shore of an island stand three stone pagodas, each two meters high. Five

openings form a striking feature of the pagodas.

From the centre of the "Mutual Affinity Pavilion" at the southern tip of

the island, reflections of the moon can be viewed through the openings and

they are divided into three part.

Thus, the name "san Tan Yin Yue"or "Three Pools Reflecting the Moon" is

created.

在古代中国，一些寺庙也多建在风景优美的地方，后来多成为人们休闲的好去处。

In ancient China，temples and monasteries were usually built in beautiful

places; consequently, those built with gardens have become places for public

recreation.

诗人和画家也为风景园林增色不少。他们为这些园林填诗作赋或者设计制造，后代们

为了纪念他们把他们的诗歌刻在桌子上，庭子里，以及塔上。这也丰富了园林的内涵，吸

引了众多的游客。

Many famous poets and painters contributed greatly to the development of

landscape gardens. They either left poetic inscriptions for those gardens, or

designed the gardens themselves. In

order to commemorate those poets and painters, later generations had

their poems and inscriptions engraved on tablets, pavilions, or pagodas，thus

enriching the gardens and inspiring visitors.

这些风景园林与很多的神仙和传说有关，这也为它们增添了许多冲秘的色彩。比如，

浙江金山的法海寺和白蛇洞就与“白蛇传的传说”有关。南京的“莫愁”湖就是根据世代

相传的传说得名的。风景园林不仅是休闲娱乐的地方，也是公众活动的地方。传统的宗教

活动每年多在风景园林中进行。

In landscape gardens there are often reminders of Chinese fairy tales or

legends which add mystery to the beautiful scenes. For instance, the Fahai

Temple and the White Dragon Cave in Jinshan

Mountain in Zhenjiang relates to the fairy tale "The Legend of the White

snake." The Mochou Lake in Nanjing is associated with a legend which has been

handed down from ancient times. Landscape

gardens are not only places for recreation, but also places for public

activities. Traditional religious activities are usually held in these gardens

annually.

中国园林的建筑艺术也对其他国家产生了巨大的影响。早至6世纪，中国的园林建筑

就被引人日本，并被贯以中国名字。对中国风格的热衷使中国园林后来也传入了欧洲，比

如在巴黎就有20多个这样的园林花园。

The technique of Chinese garden building has also exerted a great

influence on other countries. As early as the sixth century, Chinese garden

building was introduced into Japan where gardens

were given Chinese names. Later the enthusiasm for Chinese style gardens

spread to the European continent. For example, more than twenty such scenic

parks were built in Paris.

现代中国在竭力保护和重建古典园林。在 1980年中国建筑工程总公司的风景建筑公

司建立，并与外国客户签约修建园林。同年，美国纽约市的大都市艺术博物馆的明轩园由

该公司的苏州分公司建成。而中国广州分公司为西德的1983年的慕尼黑世界园林展览会

修建了芳华园。

Modern China tries to protect and restore classical gardens and to build

new ones. In 1980, the Landscape Architecture Art in New York City was built

by the Suzhou branch of the company，and

the Guangzhou branch completed the Chinese Garden Fang Hua Yuan for the

1983 Munich World Garden Exhibition in the West Germany.

感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。