雅思词组及同义词替换

表示“强调某种状态在特定明显或不明显”的句型

This is especially true if/when we consider the fact that/when it comes to/in terms of

当我们考虑··的时候，这一点尤为正确

It is not even always true that··· ···并不是总是正确的

·

Incline to = tend to 倾向于

·

Gain/get/have(direct/free/ready/unlimited/unrestricted/restricted/equal) access to

获得/得到直接/自由/容易/方便/不受限制/受限制/平等/接近的机会

e.g. Men and wowen should have equal access to education and employment.

·

Be accompanied by B伴随 A

·

Be entitled to = be eligible to = be authorised to 使享有权利，使符合资格

e.g. the privately insured are entitled to special benfits such as having the choice pf their own

doctors, and being able to avoide long waiting lists for hospital beds.

·

Have and will continue to 现在是并且将来也会继续···

e.g. Education has been and will continue to be central to the country’s economic performance in

the 21st century.

·

Give rise to = bring about = create = generate = provoke(负面的) = evoke 引起，造成

e.g. Computers have brought about many changes in the workplace.

Have/exert an influence/impact/effect on sb/sth 起···作用

Play a role in sth 扮演···角色

· 正面:Considerable/enormous/dominant/profound/crucial/beneficial(favourable)/

stablizing/pervasive/substantial/lasting/formative

相当大的/巨大的/起支配作用的/深远的/有利的/稳定的/广泛的/实际的/(对成长或发展) 重大作用

· 负面:adverse(unfavourable)/corrupting /destructive (devastating/disruptive)

不利的/腐蚀的/破坏的

Have inherent advantages/disadvantages 有内在的优点/缺点

e.g. In terms of environmental protection, exporting agricultural products by means of air

transportation has its inherent disadvantages.

·

Be in a position to do 有条件去做

e.g. Because of the existence of express transport such as air freight, people in frigid zone are in a

position to acquire more nutritious food and vegetable from the tropical zone.

·

Be a double-edged sword ···是一把双刃剑

·

Equip sb with sth = furnish sb with sth 装备，使有能力，向···提供

·

Turn on = hinge on 取决于

e.g The environmental protection hinges on the actual action by the civilians.

·

A is a key determinant of B A是B的决定因素

e.g. In an individual’s career, tenacity is a key determinant of success.

·

Be an underlying factor in··· 是···潜在/隐含力量

e.g. Human curiosity is an underlying factor in the growing popularity of newspapers

·

Rely (almost exclusively) on = depend on (几乎全)依靠

e.g. Children should not always rely on parent’s help.

·

Be considered as = be think of as = be acknowledged as = be regarded as被认为是

·

Be served/used as a brenchmark

·

It turned out that = turn out to be 证明是

E.g. the advancement of technology turns out be conducive to the mankinds.

·

Be confronted with···= In the face of ··· 面临着

e.g. be confronted with/in the face of fierce/stiff/intense competition

·

Deserve/require (careful/full/serious/sufficient/ special) consideration

需要仔细/全面/认真/足够/特别考虑

Take sth into consideration/account 考虑到， 顾及

A and B are not mutually exclusive 两者并不互相排斥

e.g. This two options are not mutually exclusive.

·

Be no exception to··· 也不例外

e.g. There is no exception to this rule in modern or in accent times.

·

Does not necessarily mean 并不必然意味着

·

···be now a commonplace··· 司空见惯的事

·

A and B alike 两者都，同样地

·

Reach saturation point 到达饱和程度

·

End up + doing/ adj/ in sth 以···告终

(c). 插入语和衔接词

In essence 本质上

·

In terms of 就···而言

·

As the case may be,句子 or主语+谓语, as the case may be,宾语

根据具体情况而定，视情况而定

e.g. Students should be given sufficient autonomy in deciding the courses they take as the case

may be.

·

More often than not,句子. 通常，往往

e.g. More often than not it is these moments that separate the victors from the rest – because they

never despair , and press on when others fade.

往往就是这些时刻将成功者与其他人区分开来——因为成功者从不绝望，会在他人放弃时选择坚持下去。

表示“依我而言”的词组

From my point of view,

From my perspective,

To my mind,

In my opinion,

To my way of thinking

关于By no means的应用

Be by no means an exclusive/a unique way 绝不是唯一的方法

Be by no means confined to··· 绝不局限于

e.g. Poverty and deprivation are by no means confined to the north of the country.

Be by no means fortuitous/coincidential 绝非偶然

e.g. The occurrence of such things is by no means fortuitous/ coincidental

Be by no means isolated 绝非孤立/个别

e.g. Such cases, though not prevalent, are by no means isolated.

Be by no means separated from 绝不应该脱离

e.g. Theory should by no means be separated from practice. 理论绝对不应该脱离实际

Be by no means certain 仍未确定的

e.g. It is by no means certain that genetrically modified food will benefit humans in the future.

转基因食品能否在未来有益于人类仍是不确定的

Be by no means a perfect way 绝非完善的方法

e.g. This is by no means a perfect way to solve the problem.

表示例证的句型

···is a good case in point

= one example will suffice to illustrate this point

= a telling(有说服力的) /notorious (臭名昭著的) example is ···

= ···is a representative of ···

表示大量的词组

A+形容词+ number of+可数名词+谓语动词复数

A+形容词+amount of+不可数名词+谓语动词单数(time/money/information/help/data)

大量的: Massive/considerable/enormous/ tremendous

不成比例的:disproportionate

小量的:Limited/moderate/small

A wide range of = a vast/impressive array of = a wealth of = a host of = a variety of

表示“一系列”的词组

A series of = a chain of = a sequence of

表示“等等”的词组

and so forth= and so on = and the like

表示程度的短语

in full measure 最大程度地，最大限度地

in no small/ some/ large/ equal measure 在很大/某种/很大/同样程度上

To some/a certain extent 在某种/一定程度上

To a lesser extent 其次

表示“关于，谈及到，就···而言”的词组

When it comes to

With respect to

In regard to

In relation to

表示某个时间段的词组

In the midst of 正值···时候

Amid +名词词组 在···当中

Under the wave of +名词 在···浪潮中

表示伴随状态的词组

With the rapid development of··· 随着···快速发展

With the advent of··· 随着···时代的来临

With the proliferation of··· 随着···扩散

With the huge expansion of··· 随着···扩张

表示“不管”的词组

Regardless of = irrespective of

表示“考虑到，鉴于”的词组

In the light of = in view of

表示“更不用说”的词组

not to mention + sth = let alone

表示“(对社会规则的)遵从，遵守”的词组

In conformity with = in compliance with = in accordance with

表示“除了之外”的词组

Apart from···= Other than···

表示“连锁反应”的词组

Domino effect 多米洛骨牌效应

Knock-on effect 连锁反应

(d). 积极关系

Be made (readily/ freely/ publicly/ generally) available for/to sb

可以容易/免费/让公众/普遍得到

e.g. Free medical care must be made available for those too poor to do so.

·

Provide/give sb deep/penetrating/revealing/ fascinating insights into sth

给予某人深刻的/有启发性的/发人心省的/生动的见识

e.g. The old buidling in cities can give people especially teenagers fascinating insights into the

change of history.

acquire/advance/broaden/deepen one’s understanding of sth 获得/增进···见识

= gain/get/obtain insights into

·

Have better acquaintance with 更了解···

e.g. Have better acquaintance with the local needs than those in other countries so that it utilise the

social resources more efficiently

= have better knowledge with

e.g. Local people or government have better knowledge with the operation of charity organization

in terms of the oversee of donations, thus ascertaining the transparency of fund arrangement and

avoiding misappropriation of the public fund.

·

Become/be proficient/skillful in/at sth/ in doing 精通，熟练

e.g. student should become proficient in using several languages.

·

Instill sth in/into sb = inculcate sth in/into sb 灌输某人···

e.g. instill an idea/confidence deeply into sb

inculcate a sense of responsibility in sb

= impart sth to sb 传授···给某人

·

Be capable of sth/doing sth有能力的，足以胜任的

= be competent to do sth

= Be more than capable of ···完成有能力

e.g. Schools should equip students with practicial skills so that they are competent to find a job

under current fierce competition.

Be well/fully aware of/that = be conscious of/that 意识到，注意到

e.g. People have been fully aware of the urgency of environmental protection.

Be the major beneficiaries from = largely benefit from··· 成为最主要的受益人

e.g. In respective of individuals, they are the major beneficiaries from doing their tasks at home

in this age of the computer technology

Be conducive/ helpful/ beneficial/instrumental to··· 有利于,对···起作用

= be advantageous to

= be of advantge to = to the advantage of

e.g. be instrumental in bring about an end to the conflict.

An environment conducvie to learning

·

Be given sufficient/greater autonomy in doing··· 给予足够的/更大的自主权

e.g. students should be given sufficient autonomy in deciding the courses they take as the case

may be

Be in the best interest of··· 符合···利益

e.g. Even though most citizens are conscious that recycling garbage can fully utilise natural

resources in the best interest of the whole society, they are still reluctant to do so

·

Become an indispensable part of··· 成为···不可分割的一部分

e.g. car have become an indispennsable part of our lives.

·

Make use of = turn sth to good account = take advantage of sth 善用/利用机会

e.g. People should put the media to good account.

We should make better use of our resources.

·

Break down/remove/cross/overcome the barriers打破/消除/跨越/克服障碍

e.g. they believe that sport can cross any barriers.

他们相信体育可以跨越任何障碍。

·

Get rid of··· 摆脱,消除(不好的感觉,情况)

= rid sb/sth/yourself of sb/sth 消除,解除

= extricate sb/sth/yourself from sth (使)摆脱,脱离,解救,挣脱

e.g. he had managed to extricate himself from most of this official duties.

·

Alleviate the heavy burden of··· 减轻···重负

e.g Staying at home for work and study can alleviate the heavy burden of transport and energy

consumption.

·

Serve a useful function of 起到有用的功能

= Perform the function of 履行···的功能

= Fulfilll a valuable function in 实现一种有价值的功能

= Serve the purpose of 起到···的目的

= Fulfill an educational purpose 实现一种教育目的

e.g. It is sometimes claimed that zoo perform an improtant function in the protection of

endangered or rare species

e.g Apart from serving the practical function of giving people a comfortable shelter, a good

building should also fulfill an aesthestic purpsoe by inviting the residents to appreciate its beauty

both inside and outside.

e.g. Visiting museum is not only an enjoyable experience for young children, but it also fulfills an

important edcuational purpose by exposing them to a rich deposit of history, culture and tradition.

·

Be/get accustomed to doing/sth 习惯于···

= be/get used to doing/sth

e.g. Students should not get accustomed to relying on others’ help.

·

Adapt yourself to sth/ doing 适应(新环境)

= adjust oneself to sth/ doing

e.g. students should adjust themselves to current fierce competition

·

Serve/ satisfy/ cater to the needs of··· 满足···要求

e.g. satisfy/cater to the needs of tourists from abroad

serve the needs of future generations

·

Cater for sth 迎合

e.g. Catering for international tours, the local government commits more money to improve local

infrastructure.

·

Provide a solid foundation for··· 提供巩固的基础

e.g. respect and friendship provide a solid foundation for marriage.

= Lay the foundation on··· 为···提供基础

e.g. Basic science lays the foundation on which any other subjects are built.

Have no more worries about··· 不用再担心

e.g. The owners of companies have no more worries about employees not coming for work,

because of the heavy snow storm.

Be immune to 不···(负面的)影响

e.g. The corporate sector has remained largely immune to this crisis.

Immerse oneself in = Commit oneself to sth 潜心于，专心于

e.g. Student should immerse themselves in studying theory in universities instead of learning

practical skill

Reach a consensus on 达成共识

e.g. The EC Council of Finance Ministers failed to reach a consensus on the pace of integration

·

Be brought up to do··· 教养，培养

e.g. It is standard practice that children are brought up to respect the law.

通常来说，小孩子接受教育要遵守法律

·

Keep the pace with 与···俱进

e.g. A number of advanced professional personnel are needed to keep the pace with the rapid

economic development.

·

With less +名词+动名词组合, greater possibilities of动名词组合 will be taking place someday.

如果少一点的··,··更有可能在某天发生

e.g With less people driving to work or school, greater possibilities of returning us a balance in

ecosystem will be taking place someday.

(e). 否定关系

Serious/distinct/relative lack/ shortage/ absence/ insufficiency/ scarcity of

= Be lack of/be short of/ be deficient in/ be in need of (严重地/明显地/相对地)缺乏···

·

Be a hurdle to/ be a hindrance to/ be a barrier to 阻碍···

= confronted with/encounter/erect/put up barriers to

·

Scratch the surface of the problem 治标不治本

e.g. obviously, this solution scratch the surface of the problem.

Find it difficult to be immune to··· 很难不受···的影响

e.g. with the development of globalisation and social development, one country finds it difficult to

be immune to global affairs.

Be (severely/grievously) stricken with sth = be afflicted with/by = suffer from

受煎熬，遭难的，受折磨

e.g. The country ends up being stricken with the epidemic.

A bear/take the brunt of B A首当其冲受到B的不利影响

e.g. women bear the brunt of childcare duties

School will bear the brunt of cuts in govenment spending.

政府削减开支，学校将首当其冲受到影响

·

Fall prey to sth 受害，受坏影响

e.g. the new government has fallen prey to corruption and fraud.

新一届政府深受腐败和欺诈行为之苦

·

Be vulnerable to 容易受···(不好的)影响

e.g. The entity is potentially vulnerable to competitor’s moves.

Students are usually vulnerable to social evils. 易受到社会恶习腐蚀

·

Be prone to sth 易于遭受，有做(坏事)的倾向

e.g. tired, malnourished people are prone to infection.

Come with unpleasant/undesirable side-effects···伴随着不好的副作用

·

Fall victim to = become a victim of 成为···的牺牲品

e.g. Vital public services have fallen victim to budget cuts

一些重要的公众服务项目成了削减预算后的牺牲品

·

A take one’s toll on B A对B产生严重不良影响,造成重大损失

e.g. The recession is taking its toll on the housing markets. 经济衰退使住房市场遭受重创

The pressure of trying to win a competition has taken its toll on their health.

Illness had taken a heavy toll on her. 疾病对她的身体造成极大的损害

·

Shake/rock the foundations of sth 从根本上动摇···

e.g. this issue has shaken the foundations of French politics. 这个问题从根本上动摇了法国的政治

·

run counter to = be at odds with sth = conflict with 与···不相符/相矛盾

e.g. government intervening in people's private lives run counter to modern democratic spirit.

·

动词形式：interfere in/with = intervene in 干涉，介入

名词形式：interference in/with = intervention in/with

e.g. government should interfere in the coverage of media.

·

动词形式：impinge on/upon = encroach on/upon侵犯

名词形式：impringing on/upon = encroachment on/upon

e.g. one country should not impringe on other's internal affairs.

·

Be (potentially/rather/highly) hazardous to 对···有潜在/相当/很大的危害

e.g. chemicals that are harzardous to human beings

·

Defeat the very purpose of = render sth useless/ineffective 使某物无用/无效

e.g. Merely equipping students with employment skills may defeat the very purpose of universities

as educational institutions.

·

Serve no useful purpose 不起作用

e.g. the experiments serve no useful purpose.

·

Be awash with sth = be inundated with sth 充斥着···

e.g. TV nowadays is awash with violent and pornographic content

·

Create a vicious circle 产生恶性循环

e.g. It turns out to be a vicious circle of destruction/ poverty

·

句子+ to the detriment of +名词 = Be detrimental to 有害于，不利于

e.g. He works longer and longer hours, to the detriment of his marriage.

·

Pose a grave threat to···对···构成威胁

e.g. In present-day society, the proliferation of non-biodegradable trash poses a grave threat to

humanity.

句子+ at the expense of +名词 以（损害）···为代价

e.g. High production rates are often achieved at the expense of quality of work.

·

Be notorious for sth/ doing sth 因···而臭名昭著

e.g. The international fast foods have long been notorious as a kind of junk food.

·

Be apathetic to/about= be (utterly)indifferent to 对···冷漠/漠然

Not have sb’s best interests at heart 不关心···利益

e.g. People intend to maximize their own interest instead of having the best interests of the whole

society at heart.

·

Get/grow weary of sth/ doing sth= lose interest in 对···不再热心

e.g. students grow weary of learning a series of historical fact.

·

Be reluctant to = be unwilling to 不愿意

e.g. People are reluctant to recycle garbage for the reason that they cannot acquire direct benefit

from it.

·

Turn a blind eye to = shut one’s eyes to sth 对···视而不见

e.g. Those children have a good life and to turn a blind eye to patriotism

·

Have a slack attitude about对···持有疏忽的态度

Be largely ignored/neglected by···= lose sight of 被···忽略

e.g. Strange as it may seem, the significance of basic science – the main driving force behind

productivity, has been largely ignored by the general public.

·

Addict oneself to doing = get/be(irreparably不可收复地/seriously) addicted to

= indulge oneself in = indulgence in 沉迷，放纵

e.g. addict oneself to gambling, drug, electronic game, pornograhy, delights of lesure (安逸)

Too much indulgence in the Internet games or movies may lead to a superficial (肤浅的) idiot (傻子) short of abstract thinking or may aggravate the isolation of the single children.

·

Give way to temptation= not resist the temptation to 经不住诱惑

e.g. the young are not mature enough so that they may not resist the temptation to conduct some

unhealthy behaviours.

·

Be accused of = be prosecute for/as 被指责/被控告

= be on trial(审理) for

= Accuse/prosecute sb of doing/sth

= A stand accused of = stand trial/go on trial for A被控告···

·

lay/put the blame for sth on sb 把某事归咎某人

e.g. some lay the blame for falling exports on financial turmoil sweeping many Asian countries

有的人干脆认为造成出口下降的原因是横扫亚洲许多国家的金融危机。

·

be criticised for··· 因···受到批评

be condemned for/by··· 因···受到谴责 (宽恕 condone)

e.g. the action has been widely condemned by human rights groups

这一行动受到人权组织的普遍谴责

·

Deprive sb of sth 剥夺某人···

e.g. modern cities deprived city-dwellers of fresh air and the comfortable pace of life.

·

Be exposed to / expose sb to sth 使暴露于险境

e.g. The report revealed that workers had been exposed to unacceptably high levels of radiation

报告披露了工人们收到有害的高强度辐射

·

Sth prompts/ impels sb to do 促使···去做

e.g. Peer pressure often impels yongsters to spend excessively on fancy clothes and accessories

(首饰)

·

If···, something will ensue 如果···，(不好的现象)接着发生

e.g. if parents neglect their offspring, lack of discipline and respect will ensue.

·

Sth is/seem (quite/totally/wholly) unwarranted/ unjustifiable很不合理

e.g. experimentaing upon lab animals without rying to alleviate their pain is unwarranted/

unjustifiable.

·

It is a waste of time/money/effort doing sth 浪费(时间/金钱)去做···

= squander = fritter away(time/energy/money/fortune)

(f). 比较关系

Unlike A, B

Compared with A, B

A···while/ whereas B···

In comparison/ in contrast/ by contrast, B

(g). 因果关系

归因类

· 根本原因

Root in = be (deeply) rooted in = be the root (cause) of ···是根本原因

e.g. These traditions were deeply rooted in local custom.

Be the chief culprit of··· ···是罪魁祸首

e.g. the modern farming techniques seems to be the chief culprit of the current crisis.

· 主要原因

Be a major contributing factor to

Be a driving force to

Be largely attributed to

(结果) be the result of (原因) ···的原因是···

e.g. The need for short-term profits seems to be the driving force behind these mergers

The significance of basic science, as the main driving force behind productivity, has been largely

ignored by the general public

· 可能原因

Be attributable to可能由于

Be largely due to 很大可能是由于

e.g. The public ignorance of basic science research is largely due to its unpredictable value.

Put the blame for sth on sb 把某事归咎于某人

Be blamed on··· 把···归咎于，归罪于

e.g. some people blame the increasing gap between the poor and the rich on unfair social systems.

On account of = due to = owing to = because of

On account of fierce competition, people have no choice but to work overtime and put more effort

into jobs

The reason for···lies in the nature of···来源于···的特性

The reason for this unfortunate fact lies in the nature of basic science

Account for 是···的原因

Recent pressure at work may account for his behaviour

目的类

For the sake of = for the purpose of + 名词

Companies and institutes should financially support scientists who commit themselves to basic

science, not just for the sake of profit, but for the development of science as well.

In expectation of = in hope of = in order to = with a view to doing

= with the aim of = in an attempt to = in an effort to 为了···

(h). 建议关系

Do not slacken their vigilance against 不可放松警惕

e.g. Do not slacken their vigilance against the possible abuse of such a tremendous powers

Exercise/ maintain (constant/ continued/ extra) vigilance against

实行/保持(时刻的/始终的)警惕

Be/keep alert to 对···保持警惕

e.g. People should be alert to conditions that may indicate possible misstatement due to error and

fraud.

·

Have no choice/alternative but to··· 别无选择，唯有···

e.g. The government has no choice but to take feasible action to protect the environment.

·

Keep a wary eye on sb/ sth

= Take a very cautious approach

= Cast a discriminate eye on密切注意

e.g. Cast a discriminate eye on their way of presentation, comments and implict assumptions

·

Be cautious of= Be wary of 小心翼翼的，谨慎的

e.g. We should be wary of using a strong form of output control to encourage certain scientist

while discouraging others

·

take priority over = give priorities to··· 优先，优先权

e.g. the improvement of poverty should take priority over the space exploitation.

·

put···on top agenda = be a top priority

Be on top of the agenda = be high on the agenda当务之急

e.g. financial security was high on the list of priorities.

·

attach heavier weight to= give serious/ fullest consideration to

e.g. environmental considerations should be attached heavier weight during the decision-making

process.

·

hold more responsibility for = be held accountable for···为某人应对某事负责

e.g. The government should be held accountable for citizen’s health

·

take account of = take sth into account/ consideration 把某事考虑在内

e.g. these figures do not take account of changes in the rate of inflation.

·

Some steps must be taken to reverse this trend···

e.g. Since basic science is the foundation of most technological developments, some steps must

be taken to reverse this trend.

·

Take a long view of 长远打算

·

unless +句子，主句.如果没有，···

unless there is an effective incentive program for recycling, people could not have enough

motivation to put effort into environmental protection.

·

Bear sth in mind = bear in mind that +句子 注意，记住

(i). 结尾句型

Given the above argument, it is reasonable to conclude that可以合理去推断

e.g. Given the above arugment, it is reasonable to conclude that if every member of the society is

aware of the relationship between humans and nature and stops their destructive behaviour, it is

going to alleviate the pressure of ecosystem.

Based on the above argument, I concede that 我承认···

e.g. Based on the above arugment, I concede that using air freight comes with some unpleasant

side-effects.

I am convinced that 我相信···

e.g. I am convinced that as long as people turn the massive media to good account, they can

constantly benefit from its favourable functions.

···outweigh···在···(影响或重要性方面)超过

e.g. The advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

中性动词

1.导致：v. cause, bring about, give rise to, lead to, generate, create, Be a contributing factor to

2.认为：v. point out, argue, claim, assert, think, consider

3.强调：v. emphasize, bring/call attention to, accentuate, heighten, strengthen

4.集中：v. focus on, concentrate on

5.解决：v. combat, address, tackle, resolve, solve

6.从事：v. carry out, conduct, perform

7.承认：v. concede, admit, acknowledge, accept, allow, grant

正向动词

1.支持：v. support, advocate, agree with

2.增加：v. increase, grow, rise, enlarge

n. increase, growth, rise, enlargement

3.改善：v. improve, enhance, upgrade, boost

n. improvement, enhancement, boom

4.扩张：v. expand, enlarge, extend, widen, broaden

n. expansion, enlargement, extension

5.提高：v. augment, increase, develop, intensify

n. augment, increase, development

6.发展：v. develop, advance, grow, evolve, flourish

n. development, advancement, growth, flourishing

7.产生：v. develop, come into being/existence, come about

8.获得：v. acquire, gain, get, obtain, attain

9.执行：v. implement, execute, put into effect, perform

n. implementation, performance

10.实现：v. achieve, fulfill, gain, accomplish, attain

n. achievement, accomplishment, attainment

11.开始：v. commence, begin, start

n. commencement, beginning, start

12.促进：v. promote, further, advance, encourage, stimulate, foster

n. promotion, advancement

13.鼓励：v. stimulate, encourage, act as stimulus, motivate

n. encouragement, incentive, motivation

14.唤起：v. arouse, cause, induce, prompt, trigger, spark off

15.需要：v. call for, demand, require

16.取代：v. replace, take the place of, substitute for

n. replacement, substitution for, in place of

17.加快：v. accelerate, speed up, quicken

n. Acceleration, speeding up

18.减轻：v. abate, lessen, reduce, alleviate, mitigate

n. abatement, lessening, alleviation, mitigation

19.保护：v. protect, preserve, conserve

n. protection, preservation, conservation

20.保卫：v. safeguard, defend, shield

n. safeguard, defence, shelter

21.建立：v. establish, set up, found, construct

n. establishment, foundation, construction

22.遵守(规则，法律)：abide by, comply with, follow, respect, act in accordance with

23.允许：v. allow, permit, give the means to, facilitate

负向动词

1.反对：v. object, raise objections, oppose

2.减少：v. decrease, lower, reduce, cut down

n. decrease, reduction, drop, decline

3.耗尽：v. deplete, exhaust, use up

n. depletion, exhaustion, using up,

4.阻碍：v. hamper, hinder, obstruct, impede, inhibit

n. hindrance, obstruction, obstacle, impediment

5.限制：v. limit, curb, restrict, place a limit on

n. limit, restriction

6.危及：v. endanger, imperil, jeopardize, put at risk

7.衰败：v. deteriorate, degrade, degenerate, rot

n. deterioration, degeneration

8.恶化：v. exacerbate, aggravate, worsen, inflame

n. exacerbation, aggravation, worsening

9.加剧：v. intensify, escalate, sharpen, aggravate

n. escalation, intensification, aggravation

10.破坏：v. damage, destroy, ruin, devastate

n. damage, destruction, ruin, devastation

adj. devastating, destructive

11.污染：v. pollute, contaminate

n. pollution, contamination

12.败坏：v. pervert, corrupt, deprave, lead astray, debase

13.扭曲：v. distort, pervert, misrepresent, falsify, misstate, misreport

14.削弱：v. weaken, undermine, impair, invalidate

15.干涉：v. interfere in/with, intervene in, impinge on/upon(侵犯)

n. interference/intervention/involvement in/with

16.侵犯：v. encroach on/upon (time/rights/personal life)

n. encroachment on/upon = impinging on/upon

17.与···相违背/相矛盾：run counter to = run contrary to

Contradict (each other)= conflict with = be at odds with sth

18.误解：v. misunderstand, misapprehend, misinterpret

n. misunderstanding, misapprehension, misinterpretation

19.逃避：v. escape, break out, evade, elude

20.遭受：v. suffer from, be stricken with, be afflicted with

21.违反：v. violate, disobey, transgress, infringe

n. violation, infringement, contravention, breach

22.忽视：v. lose sight of, ignore, neglect

23.疏远：v. alienate, isolate, become/get estranged from

n. alienation, isolation, estrangement

其他重要的同义词代换

1. 大量的：enormous, massive, tremendous, considerable

2. 重要的：significant, substantial, crucial, important

3. 严重的：adj. severe, serious, acute, drastic

adv. severely, seriously, acutely, drastically

4. 有害的：adj. hazardous, dangerous, harmful

5. 贫穷的：adj. poor, poverty-stricken, destitute, impoverished

6. 富有的：adj. rich, wealthy, affluent

7. 差距：n. gap, disparity, divergence

8. 积极的：beneficial, advantageous

9. 消极的：baneful, detrimental

10. 明显的：manifest, obvious, evident, apparent

11. 影响：impact, repercussion, effect, ramification

12. 人类：the human race, human being, humankind, humanity

13. 当代：in current society, in this day and age, in present-day society, in contemporary society

14. 传统的：traditional, conventional, old-fashioned

15. 健康的：healthy, vigorous, robust

16. 有营养的：nutritious, nourishing, wholesome, healthy

常用的正向形容词

Adequate/ basic/ broad/ general/ sufficient 充分的/ 基本的/ 宽泛的/ 大概的/ 足够的

Penetrating/ profound/ revealing/ remarkable/ proper/ thorough

入木三分的/ 深刻的/ 发人心省的/ 出色的/ 正确的/ 彻底的

Original/ unique/ fresh/ rare/ clear/ fascinating/ interesting

独到的/ 独特的/ 新鲜的/ 少有的/ 清楚的/ 生动的/ 有趣的

Significant/ substantial/ considerable

常用的负向形容词

Unethical/ immoral/ unscrupulous/ unprincipled 不道德的

Antisocial/ unacceptable/ undesirable 反社会的/ 不能接受的/ 令人不快的

Aggressive/ criminal/ disruptive/ violent 挑衅的/ 犯罪的/ 扰乱的/ 暴力的

Notorious/ appalling/ vicious/ bloody 臭名昭著的/ 令人震惊的/ 令人发指的/ 血腥的